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History > Paper 2B: Early Elizabethan England > Flashcards

Paper 2B: Early Elizabethan England Flashcards

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1
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the problems of Elizabeths legitimacy (4)

A
  • convceived out of wedlock with Ann Boleyn
  • Henry’s divorce rejected by Pope, so he made himself head of Church
  • able to now issue anullment of marriage
  • committed catholics question legitimacy since Pope rejected divorce
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2
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the challenges towards marriage and gender (4)

A
  • due to (bloody) Mary’s reign, England was in poverty, political alliance with Spain failed against France, burnt catholics at the stake - so seen as infererior to kings
  • saw it as opportunity to secure throne with heir, political gain
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3
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

State Elizabeths character and strengths (4)

A
  • learnt italian/greek/french - well educated
  • charismatic, confident queen
  • BUT indecisive
  • she was detained in prison for suspicion against overthrowing (bloody) Mary
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4
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

State the roles of the monarch (4)

A
  • Royal prerogative (only queen could decided without parliament)
  • declare war/make peace
  • dismiss/call parliament
  • grant titles/land
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5
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

State the roles of Parliament (2)

A

-Privvy council: 19 most trusted advisors, would formally adivse - fave = william cecil

  • Court: lived near monarch, nobility who would entertain and informally advise
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6
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

State the structure of the Countryside compared to Towns (2)

A

Countryside: nobility, gentry, yeomen, tenant farmers, poor, homeless

Towns: Merchants, proffesionals, business owners, craftsmen, unskilled/unemployed

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7
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Compare nobility to gentry and yeomen to tenant farmers (2)

A

-nobility granted titles and land by monarch but gentry have land without title

  • yeomen own small amounts of land but tentant farmers rent land
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8
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the ________ (4)

  • Privy council
  • JPs
  • The Court
  • Lord Lieutentant
A
  • made of 19 most trusted advisers who helped monarch run parliament, advised officially
  • unpaid, large land owners overseeing law and order in their community, respected title e.g. economic policies
  • lived close to monarch, nobility who entertained and unofficialy advised queen
  • chosen by monarch, oversees countries defence and armies
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9
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the financial weaknesses of England (3)

A
  • during Mary’s reign: £300,000 debt from wars
  • could raise money w/ custom duties, taxes, loans
  • could not rely on parliament as they could demand for things
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10
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the threat of _______ (3)

  • Mary Scots
  • Scotland & France
A
  • had strong claim to throne (legitimate heir)
  • honour of monarchy tarnished due to france taking calais back
  • strong roman catholic population of france and scot (Auld alliance) - collective threat, also Mary was married to King Francis of France so strengthened catholic opp.
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11
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Compare the catholic and protestant church (6)

A

cath - extravagant, clergy special vestments (couldnt marry), latin bible, church was connection to god, POPE

prot - simple, clergy ordinary (could marry), english bible, direct connection to god, NO POPE (NO HIERARCHY)

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12
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the Henrichan Reformation and its problems (6)

  • Monasteries
  • Europe
  • Elizabeths legitimacy
  • Clergy
  • Geographic issues
  • Puritans
A
  • dissolution of monasteries
  • conflict with Roman Catholics and protestants to establish faith - catholics believed Mary Scot was legitimate heir
  • some catholic bishops argued to pass Acts of P but others refused
  • strong catholic faith in outskirts of london e.g. North
  • puritans came back radicalised after being in exile w/Mary’s policy to burn at stake - wanted to dissolve chrurch heirarchy w/pope - to manage church independantly
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13
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe Elizabeth’s religious settlement 1559 (3)

  • Act of Supremacy
  • Act of Uniformity
  • Royal Injuctions
A
  • made Elizabeth supreme governor of church
  • clergy had to swear oath of alleigance
  • set of standards for church + services
  • standard prayer book (vague wording to favour both sides)
  • priests, special vestments
  • mandatory church sunday
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14
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the response towards the religious settlement 1559 (2)

  • Clergy
  • People
A
  • 8000 priests took oath
  • 27 bishops replaced since only 1 took oath
  • most accepted settlement, lenient punishment since some slow to implemnet changes
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15
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the role of the Churches after the settlement 1559 (4)

A

Courts: dealt with moral issues e.g. divorce/inheritance

Church: controlled preachers where a special lisence needed to preach
- enforced settlement laws: visitations - bishops ensured clergy took oath, maintianed royal injuctions
- after 3-4 years each visitation, lisence was widespreading, also lawyers/doctors had to show license so control increased

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16
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the Puritan challenges of the settlement (2)

  • Crucifix
  • Vestments, exhibition
A
  • seen as idol worship, lizzy insisted to keep it but relented after bishops threat to resign and only kept it in royal chapel
  • some clergy did not follow vestment rule, belief that they were ordinary - Bishop of Cantebury published ‘Book of Advertisments’ which outlined Lizzys commands followed by exhibition of vestments but 37 refused to attend - replaced
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17
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the Catholic challenges of the settlement (3)

  • counter reformation
  • recusants
  • revolts
A
  • persecute protestants, support local catholic groups
  • Pope issued instruction for catholics to stop attending church - Lizzy told authorities to not investigate deeply to prevent martyrs - some imprisoned/fined
  • catholic noblity lost power after settlement: revolt of the northern earls: rebels executed but MOST stayed loyal to Lizzy except Duke of Norfolk
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18
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain Elizabeths response to France’s religious war and its impacts on relations (2)

A
  • wrote letter to Phillip voicing confusion
  • gave aid to French protestants to get back Calais
  • deteriorated relations since Phillip was roman catholic
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19
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the threat of Albas army to England and what they did during the dutch revolt (2)

A
  • army of 10,000 men whose aim was to enforce catholicism, could directly strike to england geographically whilst england did not have sufficient defence, so could lead to instability = civil war
  • marches 10,000 men to stop revolt, 1000 protestants killed under instruction of Council of Troubles
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20
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain why anglo-spanish relations deterirotated (2)

  • Dutch refugees
  • Genoese loan
A
  • England took in dutch refugees who invaded the spanish fleets in the English channel
  • Lizzy took the gold from spains ships, which Phillip II took as a loan from Genoa, Italy
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21
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Why did Elizabeth’s Catholic threat increase? (3)

  • King Francis
  • Lord Darnely
  • James
A
  • was married to Francis II, increasing chance of strict Roman Catholic France and Scotland to invade
  • LD has claim to English throne, strenghething Mary’s own claim
  • Mary had heir, Lizzy did not - strengethend since Mary supported by Catholics
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22
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the casues of the Northern Earls Revolt 1569 (3)

  • religion, Pilkington
  • loss of Catholic power
  • Court Conspiracy
A
  • Pilkington made Archbishop of Durham - made people oppose protestantism
  • after settlement, catholic nobility (earls of Northumberland and Westmorland) lost power, detesting newcommers e.g. William Cecil who was favoured by Lizzy
  • Court conspiracy that Mary would marry Duke of Norfolk - would mean that there would be a protestant heir since Duke was protestant BUT marriage of nobility required monarch consent (royal prerogative) and Duke had sympathy w/catholics + Mary prefferable monarch - support towards them
23
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the consequences of the Northern Earls Revolt 1569 (4)

  • Duke of Norfolk
  • Failiure: Spanish troops, executions
A
  • Duke arrested in Tower of London but Earls continued with revolt,celebrating mass in cathedral
  • 14,000 spanish troops never came
  • 450 rebels executed
  • westemroland escaped, northumberland executed, Norfolk let off but Mary Scots moved to Coventry
24
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the consequences of the Papal Bull after the Northern Earls revolt (4)

A

PB: Lizzy excommunicated by Pope and called all Catholics to depose her

25
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the events of the Ridolfi Plot (5)

A
  • Ridolfi (Pope’s spy) had arranged to murder Lizzy, launch spanish invasion of 10,000 men, bring Mary Scots and marry her to Duke of Norfolk
  • Pope, Phillip II, Duke of Alba in suport
  • Duke wrote letter to Ridolfi that he would lead revolt, Duke of Alba instructed to prepare 10,000 men
  • William Cecil discovered plot, Ridolfi fled England
  • Norlfolk issued excecution, Mary Scots uncdecided
26
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the significance of the Ridolfi plot (3)

A
  • increase tensions as it reinforced threat of spain and France
  • Catholic priests smuggled into country and celebrated catholic mass
  • Act of Parliament passed: Recusants fined £20, treason to convert someone to Catholicism
27
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the events of the Throckmorton Plot 1583 (4)

A
  • Plan for Duke of Guise to invade England, free Mary Scots, overthrow Lizzy and resotre Catholicism
  • Pope approved, Phillip II = patron, Throckmorton = go between w/Mary Scots
  • Walsingham (Lizzys chief spy) uncovered plot w/evidence at Throcks house
  • Throck, arresrted, tortured, confessed, exectued
28
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the significance of the Throckmortan plot (3)

A
  • exposed more threat to Lizzy since in Throcks house, there was a list of Catholic sympathisers
  • important catholics fled, 11,000 arrested/monitored
  • Act of Parliament: death penalty if help/shelter catholics
29
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Explain the events of the Babington Plot (5)

A
  • Plan to kill Lizzy, replace w/ Mary Scots, invade England w/Duke of Guise and 60,000 men
  • Phillip II, Pope, support
  • Wlasingham intercepted Babingtons letters to Mary Scots
  • conspirators hung drawn quatered
  • Privvy council tried Mary Scots who was found guilty, death sentence (was not approved until 1587)
30
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569: ]

Explain the significance of the Babington plot (3)

A
  • increased tensions w/Spain since Lizzy aided Dutch protestants against rebellion in Spain
  • mass arrest of Recusants, 300 in North, 31 priests executed
  • Execution of Mary ended hope of her replacement
31
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe the significance of the executions of Mary Scots (3)

A
  • approved under the Act of Preservation of the Queens Safety
  • rumour that Phillips army in wales, plan to invade England
  • Phillip now had claim to english throne
32
Q

Queen, Government, Religion 1558-1569:

Describe Walsingham’s spy network (6)

A
  • trained angents paid by govt
  • friends/servants/catholic priests who spied in exchage for pardon
  • placed all around england
  • used ciphers
  • used agent provocateurs to encourage plot against Lizzy
  • used torture and exectution to get confessions
33
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth 1569-1588:

How did Drake’s circumnavigation increase tensions with Spain? (3)

A
  • bought home £400,000 - was publicly knighted which showed Philip that Lizzy approved
  • claimed part of North California (New Albion)
  • looted spanish colonies
34
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth 1569-1588:

Explain the factors that led to the Armada (8)

  • Elizabeths pressure on Phillip
  • Spanish Fury 1576
  • Pacification of Ghent 1577
  • Spain attacks Dutch
  • Duke of Alencon fails
  • Treaty of Joinville
  • Treaty of Nonsuch
  • Drake Singes Spains beard
A
  • allowed dutch rebels safe passage
  • allowed spanish ships to be attacked by privateers
  • proposed marriage to Duke of Alencon to convince him to invade spain
  • spanish forces in netherland mutinied (on Antwerp) becoz they were not getting paid from the debt of the spanish - netherland govt.
  • all 17 provinces of Netherlands allied against spain to get rid of spanish control
  • Lizzy gave £100,000 to ensure pacification carried out
  • pacification; end religious persecution, political autonomy, spanish troops to be expelled from Netherlands
  • Lizzy orders a mercenary to gather 6000 men in Netherlands but they make peace w/Dutch catholics and spain by destroying churches (after Phillip gathers new troops)
  • Lizzy gave £70,000 for aid to Alencon but since Spain colonizes Portugal, increase in power so Alencon fails to invade
  • Joinville: Spain, France ally against Protestantism
  • Nonsuch: Spain, Uk officially at war so Lizzy sends 7000 troops to Netherlands
  • Drake goes to Cadiz Harbour to destroy 30 ships, Armada delayed by a yr
35
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth 1569-1588:

Explain other factors that led to the Armada (3)

  • Religion
  • Geopolitical position of England
  • Circumstances
A
  • pope promised he would forgive all who partook in Armada and also promised reward since Papacy wanted Lizzy overthrown
  • England is useful addition to Phillips Holy Roman Empire
  • Duke of Parma successful in governing Netherlands so strong stance to invade
  • Protugal newly acquired (1580) - new wealth + resources
36
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth 1569-1588:

Describe the Armada battle (5)

A
  • Armada spotted in English channel
  • English opened fire and captured 2 ships
  • so spanish fleet anchored in Calais Harbour, Drake sent fire ships so Armada broke crescent formation
  • Battle of Gravelines: English damaged ships w/o Parmas army from 100m
  • wind blew Armada to North Sea (65/151) returned becoz of bad weather
37
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth 1569-1588:

Explain why the Armada failed (6)

  • Galleons
  • location
  • weather
  • poor communication & lack of supplies
  • fireships & panic
A
  • smaller & quicker ships - easier for english to reload cannons
  • easier for english to return to their own port for supplies
  • Gale winds damaged Armada
  • by the time Medina Sedonia communicated w/Duke of Parma, he took a long time to send small ships of supplies - this affected morale
  • many cut their anchors when fireships came, drifitng into North Sea, forced to flea
38
Q

Challenges to Elizabeth 1569-1588:

Outline the consequences of the Armada (4)

A
  • increased english authority and encouraged wider trade and exploration
  • spanish authority decreased becoz of huge deficit
  • defeat of spain incited more dutch rebellions
  • dutch english alliance became stronger
39
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe features of education (3)

  • labourers/poor
  • middle class boys/girls
  • noble boys/girls
A
  • poor worked at early age so did not have and education, so low literacy rate
  • boys: petty school - learnt basic arithmetic, reading, writing in the teachers home, then grammar - fees paid based on household income, classical subjects taught but a separate currciulum for merchants/craftsmen e.g. geography, some craftsmen left to become apprentices
  • girls: dame school - ran by local educated women who taught domestic skills
  • both had private tutors, boys learnt horseriding, archery, girls learnt needlework, music
  • both sent to noble household - boys to finish education and girls would foster social connections and learn domestic skills
  • only boys went to uni (oxbridge) at 14-15 to get docotorate as highest qual.
40
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe features of leisure (5)

  • sports
  • spectator sports
  • literature
  • theatre
  • music
A
  • nobility: hunting, horseriding
  • all: wrestling, swimming
  • poor: football (no rules, random, no fixed size of pitch)
  • all watched bating where dogs would fight a chained bear and would bet on it
  • all watched cockfighting where cockerels wore metal spurs and fought
  • nobility e.g. chancers cantebury tales
  • mystery genre common, focused on bible/saint stories but they encouraged religious violence so more secular plays introcuded
  • increase in demand resulted in first theatre (Red Lion) - only men could act
  • Nobility: would employ musicians to play at dinner, harpsichord popular
  • Poor: enjoyed music at fairs and public occasions, bagpipes popular
41
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe the impact of education (2)

  • women
  • discipline
A
  • women still expected to marry w/boy as breadwinner
  • literacy rate increased to 10% by end of Lizzy reign
  • kept in at break, corporal e.g. whip, exclusion
42
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Explain what the population increase lead to (3)

  • rising prices
  • enclosure system
  • vagabonds
A
  • entry fee now introduced for people taking ownership of land so tenants evicted if they couldnt afford it
  • price of wool & demand increased (86% of UKs exports)
  • even tho food price increased, wages did not so people desperate for labour so wages decreased
  • common land now enclosed so poor could not - subsistence farm or graze - etc
  • land now used for sheep farming not crops so rural employment increased since less labour needed for sheeps + efficinecy of farming increased
  • feeding sheep required separate crops, ignoring starving poor
  • econ recession so finding work in cities was difficult plus tension w/Spain led to Trade embargos, depleating econ.
  • crime common in rural areas due to lack of law enf.
43
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

state the Elizabethans attitude towards the poor (2)

A
  • local poor rate collected by JPs + also charity from rich
  • deserving poor e.g widows vs undeserving poor e.g idle ppl - vagabonds received harsh punsihments e.g. whipping
44
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Explain the Acts to combat vagrancy (3)

  • Statute of Artificies
  • Vagabond Act 1572
  • Poor Relief Act 1576
A
  • fined £20 if JP failed to collect poor relief and imprisoned person who refused to give poor rate
  • 1st offence, whipped and hole drilled into ear, 2nd imprisoned and 3rd executed
  • JPs should give wool and natural resources to poor to make and sell things, anyone who refused these would be sent to house of correction where they did manual labour to correct behaviour
  • JPs had to keep record of all those receiving poor relief
  • JP should find work for able poor
45
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Expalin why exploration increased in Elizabeths Reign (3)

  • Trade
  • Technology
  • Ship Design
A
  • Spain was becoming rich form silver mines in Peru which prompted investors to fund explorers
  • Anglo spanish relations decreasing, necessary for new trade
  • Mathematician, Harriot worked out a way to calculate sailing directions with the sun, effiencient and safe voyages
  • Mercator Map: Mercatro developed longitude and latitude so land was visualised more accuaretly
  • galleons carried larger cargo as they were more stable at sea, the new sails made it easy to mannouvre and also had gun decks to defend against piracy
46
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe Drake’s significance overall (4)

  • England
  • Exploration
  • Nova Albion
  • Colonies
A
  • 2nd crew in history to cirumnaviagte globe, detterered spanish from invading becoz of expertise
  • raided ships & spanish colonies
  • gathered useful info from Americas in a log (published), prompting exploration
  • Drake coronated by Native.A hence, colonised land so, Lizzy gave explorers permission to colonize land not taken by any christian leader since she refused to accept Pope giving America to spain
  • Lizzy gave Sir Humphrey grant to voyage to North.A which led to bankruptcy, but Drake returned w/wealth after circum, encouraging investors to fund exploration
47
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Who was Raleigh? (2)

A
  • after Sir Humphrey’s expeditions failed, Raleigh given grant by Lizzy (paid for ships and gunpowder)
  • BUT he needed investors so he promised to capture spanish loot, his factfinding expedition uncovered a friendly native population and he also learnt Algonquian by bringin 2 native americans to england (Manteo & Wanchese)
48
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe Raleigh’s fact finding voyage (2)

A
  • explorers went there to barter for goods e.g. utensils for game/fish - disocvered that they were friendly
  • colonialists convinced theyd find fortunes despire dangerous expedition
49
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

How was Raleigh’s colony meant to work? (4)

A
  • Natives would barter for english goods e.g. wool
  • colony = workforce for english merchants
  • colony provided tobacco/gold
  • Lizzy refused to fund but gave £400 of gunpowder + ship and named it Virginia in her honour, partial royal backing convinced others to invest
50
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

How was Raleigh’s expedition organised? (2)

  • who
  • what was brought
A
  • 300 colonialists: farmers, landowners, soldiers, fishermen
  • supplies: weapons, enough food&water for voyage, farming tools
51
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

What was the potential significance of Virginia? (3)

A
  • base to attack Spanish but safe attacking distance, competition against Holy Roman Empire
  • allowed independant trade - no longer reliance on Italy/Spain/France becoz of key exports e.g. tobacco/gold
  • North.A can turn to english for trade
52
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe the leaders of the Virginia expedition (3)

A
  • Grenville: was an experienced expedition commander
  • Lane: expert on fort building, was an explorer and determined soldier
  • Harriot: was an experienced cartogropher, learnt Algonquian so could translate and had developed strong relations w/Mateo & Wanchese
53
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe why the Virginia expedition failed (5)

  • timing
  • ‘Tiger’
  • lack of fortunes
  • lack of people, lack of training
  • Wingina’s hostility
A
  • colonailsits arrived too late to plant crops
  • climate = hot/humid, food rotted quickly, many sick
  • Tiger carried all perishables e.g. meat/fruits
  • it became damaged, letting water in, damaging all perishables
  • since gunpowder damaged, difficult to hunt e.g pigeons
  • no precious metals found, colonialists had no intention of doing work but farmers unwilling to work for upperclass, wanted own land
  • only 130/300 colonialists
  • too many craftsmen, not enough farmers
  • no stone for stonemasons, so forts made of wood, many bakers but no raw materials
  • deep water fishing techniques futile for shallow water
  • soldiers not fit to farm land e.g. one soldier executed, body left to rot as warning - overall lack of discipline
  • local chief (Wingina) fed up of demand for food
  • believed english had supernatural powers since Natives died of unknown causes ever since
  • Wingina had chiefs to attack English after more demand for food in winter but Lane found out, Wingina killed
54
Q

Age of Exploration 1558-1588:

Describe the 2nd attempt on Virginia and its failiure (2)

  • who
  • Manteo
A
  • now 17 women & families on board
  • colonialsts from poor background, willing to work - each guaranteed 500 acres
  • Manteo made Lord of Roanoke (island in Virignia) to prompt friendly relations
  • after John Whites advisor was killed w/16 arrows, Manteo attacked Indians but killed friendly ones from Croatian settlements
  • When White returned 3yrs later, Roanoke deserted

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