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History > Paper 2A: Superpower Relations and the Cold War > Flashcards

Paper 2A: Superpower Relations and the Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the key differences between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin (3) - 8 points

A

Roosevelt:
- he compromised for Stalin since he needed protetion from Japan after bombing at Pearl Harbor
- believed in democracy and capitalism which conflicted Stalin
- had negative views on colonisation which conflicted Churchill

Churchill:
- wanted to hinder communist expansion
- valued capitalism
- valued colonisation

Stalin:
- concinced that West wanted to destory communism
- suspicious that USA UK had formed separate alliance

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2
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

State the agreements of the Tehran Conference 1943 and who they benefitted and did not (4)

A
  • USSR would wage war w/Japan - benefitted USA as this was protection
  • USSR would acquire East Poland into Sphere of Influence - did not appease UK as they wanted to hinder communist expansion
  • USA UK would open 2nd front in invading France but USA delayed this
  • To set up UN
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3
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the tensions at the Tehran Conference 1943 (3)

A
  • Since USA delayed 2nd front of France, USSR was suspicious that USA wanted to weaken USSR
  • UK was suspicious that USSR troops wouldnt leave after war
  • UK was suspicious of USSR since they did nothing to stop Warsaw Uprising
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4
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

State the agreements of the Yalta Conference and who they benefitted and did not (6)

A
  • East Europe = USSR sphere - benefitted USSR since influence and power increased but con to UK as communism was spreading
  • Germany to be divided into 4 zones
  • Berlin to be divided into 4 zones
  • To try Nazis in int courts
  • For German colonies to have free elections
  • To join the UN
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5
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the tensions at the Yalta Conference (2)

A
  • Stalin wanted extremely high reparations which would cripple Germany but USA UK wanted lower reps to recover Germany
  • Stalin wanted Polish border to increase west and a friendly govt but USA UK were suspicious that he’d try to control Poland - tried to persuade for free elections
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6
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

State the agreements of the Potsdam Conference and who they benefitted and did not (4)

A
  • To demilitarise Germany
  • To make Germany democratic
  • confimed - to trial nazis in int court
  • German reparations
  • UN set up - vetoe: USA,USSR
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7
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the tensions at the Potsdam Conference (2)

A
  • Stalin still advocated for high reparations but UK USA still refused so USSR thought USA was interfering w/his Sphere
  • USA wanted free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refused as they were soviet colonies
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8
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the political impacts of the Atomic Bomb of Hiroshima (3)

A
  • USA had stronger bargaining position against USSR
  • Western Europe negotiated w/USA instead of USSR
  • USSR established buffer states as a result
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9
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the Militial impact of the Atomic Bomb of Hiroshima (1)

A

USSR drained resources from Sphere countries instead of maintaining the economy becoz of an Arms Race against USA

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10
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Describe the Long Telegram and how it affected relations between the Grand Alliance (3)

A
  • USSR was threat to capitalism but was determined to expand - should be eliminated
  • Peace between USA USSR was not possible
  • Realtionship deteriorated - suspicion increased
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11
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Describe the Novikov Telegram and how it affected relations between the Grand Alliance (2)

A
  • USA wanted to dominate the world and that they were preparing for war
  • suspicion grew
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12
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Describe the Impacts of Chruchills Iron Curtain speech (3)

A
  • emphaised importance of USA UK relations
  • implied West Europen opposition towards communism
  • worsening relationship
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13
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the factors that led to the Soviet Communist expansion (4)

  • Communist stratagem
  • Security
  • Poland
  • % deal
A
  • communist politicians worked with security at elections to rig them and ensure communism stays in power
  • they worked in places of authority: police, doctors, lawyers - to arrest and kill opposition w/o suspicion
  • prop was used to demonise democacy as fascism
  • they worked in coalition govt to purposely undermine govt authority
  • created friendly + buffer states to ensure security
  • red army intimidated opp
  • polish frontier increased in the East (Potsdam deal) which increased sphere of influence
  • agreement to split Berlin - USSR would get East Berlin - sphere of influence expansion
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14
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the Truman Doctrine (5)

A

Policy of Containment:
- Belief that Communism was oppressive and relied on terror
- plan for all wealthy European countries to give aid to shattered economies to increase support for communism
- Britain unable to cope w/aiding Greece in civil war
- USA stepped in w/troops and aid to help countries resisting communist oppression

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15
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the Marshall Plan (4)

A

$13 billion to help communsit resisting nations
- to qualify, nation had to trade w/USA
- Stalin thought USA was trying to extend influence to Europe and undermine the UNs role to seem like saviour
- Stalin argued it created economic divide by establishing American Empire in Europe ($Imperialism)

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16
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the Impacts of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall plan (3)

A
  • USSR retailiated w/ Cominform & Comecon
  • Grand alliance now fully terminated since USA now directly opposed USSR in econ regime battle, increased suspicion
  • Europe divided into 2 economic territories
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17
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain Cominform (4)

A

For Political control: Stalin could ensure direct orders were taken from Moscow & that members were following communism
- He discouraged Trade w/ non-cominform members
- Prop conveyed USA was no different to Nazi Germany
- REJECTED MARHSALL PLAN

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18
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain Comecon (5)

A

Rtaliation of Marshall Plan:
- Aimed to support member states by arranging trade and agreements between members
- Oraganised 5yr plan to nationalise agriculture and industry
- Organised industrial planning accross all sattelite states
- prompted formation of NATO

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19
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Which key term refers to UK/USA/France joining their Berlin Zones? (1)

A

Trizonia

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20
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Describe the threats that Trizonia posed on the USSR (3)

  • Deutschmark
  • Defects
A
  • USSR authority undermined since Trizonia was thriving
  • Strenghthened capitalist liberty
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21
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the USSR response to Trizonia (5)

  • Berlin Blockade
  • Federal Republic VS Democratic Republic
  • Warsaw VS NATO
A
  • Stalin blocked all routes to Berlin
  • West renamed west germany as Federal Republic, USSR responded by creating Democratic Republic yet it was no recognised as a nation by non-comm nations
  • USA responded to Berlin Blockade and threat of Csech becoming a sattelite state by forming NATO (if one nation attacked, all members would aid), USSR responded by creating Warsaw Pact - members only comm states
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22
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the USA response to the Berlin Blockade and its effects on Super Power Relations (2)

  • Berlin Airlift
A

Berlin airlift: 8000 tonnes of supplies per day sent to west berlin

  • becoz USA responded peacefully, USSR had no choice but to life blockade so he looked aggressive and authority undermined
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23
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

How _______ become a sattelite state for the USSR?

  • Poland
  • Czechslovakia
  • Hungary
A
  • after Warsaw uprising which Red Army lied about helping, USSR put in place a friendly comm govt
  • communists staged a coup at the threat of democracy in Czech and pro-comm govt was set up in their place
  • election voters intimidated by communists, so it became a totalitarian state
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24
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Who was Truman’s and Stalin’s successors and what were their beliefs? (2)

A

Eisenhower - believed in co-op w/USSR
Kruschev - believed in peaceful co-ex

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25
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

How was peaceful co-existence achieved by USSR and what did USA think about this new policy? (3)

  • De stalinisation
A
  • Political prisoners set free and Stalins chief of secret police executed
  • arms race meant deterring war not preparing
  • USA thought de-stal would end cold war but USSR belived it was peaceful comp to gain power
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26
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain 3 causes and events of the Hungarian uprising (6)

A
  • USA funded radio (Radio Free Europe) who dropped leaflets of anti comm propaganda in Hungary
  • Rakosi (Hungary president) used terror to control e.g.2000 political opps killed
  • Comecon controlled Hugary econ. preventing trade w/west and Marshall aid
  • Nagy(USSR appointed president AFTER riots against Rakosi) executed as example for sattelite states
  • USSR sent 200,00 troops and 1000 tanks to crush uprising
  • Nagy propsed his reforms
27
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain USSRs response to the Hungarian Uprising and its effects (3)

A

As 200,000 USSR troops sent in, 80,000 died
Pro comm govt set up w/Kadar as president

  • Kruschevs influence increased in Warsaw pact and now was confident to negotiate w/USA as theyd be intimidated
28
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain Nagy’s reforms following the Hungarian uprising (4)

A
  • re-org of govt to include non-comm parties
  • proposal to withdraw from Warsaw pact
  • allow free elections
  • authored release of political prisoners
29
Q

Origins of the Cold War 1941-1958:

Explain the USAs response to the Hungarian uprising and its effects

A

Radio Free Europe used propaganda to influence Hingary riots
USA took in 50,000 refugees but could not provide military aid to mitigate nucleur war

  • USA undermined as they could not give military support
30
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Who was the successor of Eisenhower and what were his beliefs? (2)

A

Kennedy - hardline capitalist, would not tolerate USSR

31
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Describe the conditions of divided Germany (2)

  • East VS West
  • Defects
A
  • West was high income due to aid from the Marshall plan
  • East had poor living standards because of Stalin’s 5 year plan to collectivize industrial and agricultural growth in sattelite states so ALL funds from comecon were drained - communism = unpopular
  • 3.5 million defects from east
32
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

What was Kruschev’s Berlin Ultimatum and what were the effects on international relations? (3)

A
  • Berlin should be demilitarised and troops should be withdrawn
  • Berlin should be a free city
  • USA outraged - they saw this as an attempt to spread sphere of influence
33
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Outline the events and outcomes of each summit: (4)

  • Geneva
  • Camp David
  • Paris
  • Vienna
A

Geneva: USA, USSR - no outcome
Camp David: Eisenhower, Kruschev - USSR withdrew Berlin Ultimatum, better relations - no outcome
Paris: USSR shot down U2 (USA) spy plane beforehand, USA refuted accusations, USA refused to apologise, Kruschev walked out - worsened relations, no outcome
Vienna: Berlin Ultimatum renewed, Kennedy refused to make negotaitions becoz of this - Kennedy increasd military spending 2bill - no outcome, worsened relations

34
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Explain the effects of the Berlin wall on Germany (3)

A

wall physically cut through everything
family separated
west berlin tried to help defects

35
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Explain the effects of the Berlin wall on USSR (3)

A
  • Kruschev abandoned plan to unite germany
  • wall symbolised how communism had to lock people into regime - tainted comm reputation
  • Communism seen as threatening, undefeatable
36
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Explain the effects of the Berlin wall on USA (2) and international relations (3)

A
  • proved that Kruschev was forced to come to terms w/ the extent of capitalist influence
  • west became symbol of liberty
  • reminded world of iron curtain
  • wall represented divide of west/east
  • reduced tension of war
37
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Outline the causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis: (5)

  • Cuban Revolution 1959
  • USA’s refusal to aid
  • Seizing of Cuban land
  • USSR deal
  • Bay of Pigs
A

Rev: Pro-USA govt overthrown by Castro - USA concerned about losing connections e.g. trading

Aid: USA refused to aid cuba unless it followed international monetary fund guidelines so Cuba felt they shouldnt co-op

Land: Cuban govt. seized land owned by foreigners, direct lack of co-op w/USA

USSR Deal: Kruschev agreed to buy sugar + give aid so Castro appointed communists to his govt - also secret clause to receive arms

Bay of Pigs: all of the above prompted USA to poorly train 1400 Cuban exiles to stage a coup VS 20,000 soldiers - it failed since USA could not send US forces otherwise people would know it was staged

  • failed since many happy w/communist cuba
  • outnumbered 1400<20,000
  • weak w/o US forces intervention
  • USA public humiliation, cut ties w/Cuba BUT USSR communist relations strengthened w/Cuba
38
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Outline the Cuban Missile Crisis: (2)

  • The 13 Days, naval blockade
  • USSRs telegram
A
  • Kennedy set up ex-comm (committee of 12 political advisors) where they decided on a naval blockade: ships cannot cross w/o USA permission, USSR ships turned around
  • Kruschev sent telegram that he will remove Cuban missiles IF USA promise not to invade and Turkey missiles removed: USA agreed not to invade (compromise)
39
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Outline the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis: (3)

  • Hotline
  • Treaties
  • USA vs USSR
A
  • Hotline set up w/direct communication w/ Moscow+Washington
  • Test Ban Treaty: banned testing nukes
  • Outer Space Treaty: banned nukes in space
  • Nucleur non-proliferation Treaty: banned sharing nuke tech
  • USA looked diplomatic, popular w/UN
  • USSR popularity decreased due to humiliation of Cuba
40
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Who was the successor of Kruschev and what did he believe (2)

A

Breznehv: very harsh

41
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Describe the conditions of Czechslovakia under Soviet rule (4)

A
  • secret police to control
  • censored media
  • intermediate purges of politicians/miniroties
  • econ ran in USSR self interest
42
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Outline the Prague spring reforms by Dubcek (4)

A
  • free speech allowed
  • Czech could travel abroad
  • censorship relaxed
  • increased trade with the west
43
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Explain the response from the USSR following the Prague Spring reforms (3)

A
  • 500,000 USSR troops invaded prague
  • Breznehv ordered czech army to remain unprovoked
  • Dubcek arrested to reverse reforms
44
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Outline the Brezhnev doctrine (2)

A

If one communist country was under threat, all other communist countries should intervene to prevent liberlaisation (increased USSRs communist control)

45
Q

Cold War Crisis 1958-1963:

Describe impact on communist and international relations after USSRs response to the Prague Spring Reforms (4)

A
  • USSRs intervention increased communist control
  • French/italian comm parties cut links with Moscow
  • East germany supports USSR
  • Romania allies w/communist China, dividing communism
  • USA keen to critiscise but not take action - undermined - they even called it the ‘rape of czechslovakia’
46
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Explain USA and USSRs reasons for wanting detente (5)

A
  • USA wanted to end Vietnam war
  • USA wanted to address rioting becoz of war
  • USSR wanted to increase standard of living
  • Both wanted to prevent MAD
  • Both wanted less money going to nukes
47
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Outline the agreements of SALT 1 and its weaknesses (4)

A
  • Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty limited to 100 missiles on 2 sites
  • Interim Treaty limited ICBMs + SLBMs
  • Basic Principles Agreement set out plan to prevent nucleur war
  • did not cover new tech e.g. MIRVS
48
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe the impacts of SALT 1 on international relations (1)

A

USA/USSR keen to display good relations

49
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Outline the Helsinki Accords and its weaknesses (5)

A

Basket 1: European borders cannot be altered by force
Basket 2: International co-op including trade agreements, joint space mission
Basket 3: Respect for human rights

  • USSR wanted recognition of borders, they also did not follow Basket 3
50
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe the impact of the Helsinki Accords on international relations (1)

A

partial tension - conflicting interests of East/West

51
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Outline the agreements that failed at SALT 2 and its weaknesses (4)

A
  • USA/USSR would have equal limit on ICBMS/SLBMs (2400)
  • banned testing/deployment of ICBMs
  • diplomatic relations broken due to USSR afghan invasion
  • arms race escalated when USA developed more nukes
52
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe the impact of SALT 2 on international relations (1)

A

increased tension - worsening relations

53
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Explain why USSR invaded Afghanistan (2)

A

location near USSR - conevenient increase of sphere
2nd religious minority - threat to communism in USSR

54
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe USSRs invasion of Afghanistan (4)

A
  • USSR concerned w/ Islamic fundamentalism so they assasinated Amin, replace by Soviet puppet Kamal (USSR justified this since Amin believed to conspire w/USA about terrorists)
  • USSR spent 8bill on war
  • 1.3bill causalties
55
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe USAs response to USSRs Afghan invasion

  • Carter Doctrine (3)
  • Moscow Olympics Boycott & economic sanction (1)
A

Doctrine: USA prepared to use military should USSR control middle east
-USA withdrew SALT2 - end of detente
-USA imposed economic sanctions on USSR, gave aid to Mujahideen

  • 60 nations supported boycott - USSRs communist principles undermined which led to LA Olympics Boycott - only 15 supporters
56
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Who was Carter’s successor and what were his beliefs (2)

A

Reagan: believed communism was a form of moral evil

57
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe the Reagan Doctrine (2)

A

Policy to support anti-comm governments and also to overthrow comm governments e.g support given to El Salvador - called this ‘a rollback in communist influence’

58
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe USA’s SDI policy under Reagan and its impacts (2)

A
  • from space, USA could shoot down nukes - crossed terms of Outer Space Treaty
  • Triggered an arms race where USSR struggled with funding
59
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Who was the successor of Breznehv and what did he believe (2)

A

Gorbachev: perestroika(reconstruction of USSR) and glasnost(openness)

60
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Describe conditions of USSR during the Breznehv era (3)

A
  • secret police used to maintain control, positioned at sattelite borders to stop uprisings
  • no industrial output, depleating economy and low standard of living
  • martial law declared polands trade union banned due to the unrest of the public
61
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Explain Gorbachevs’s new thinking and USAs reponse: (3)

  • Perestroika
  • Glasnost
A

Perestroika: reconstruction of USSR
Glasnost: openness

USA response: Reagan relaxed terms of Reagan Doctrine since Gorbachev wanted to co-op w/USA and reform USSR, not increase its sphere

62
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Explain the summits leading to the end of the arms race: (2)

  • Geneva
  • Reykjavik
A

Geneva: good working relations - no outcome

Reykjavik: USA concerned w/ nuclear war after Chernobyl - proposition to phase out nukes if SDI was phased too - no outcome BUT better relations

63
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Explain the summits leading to the end of the arms race: (3)

  • Washington
  • Moscow
  • Malta
A

Washington: USSR wanted to decrease arms funding- Intermediate Range Nucleur Force Treaty (INF): abolished all land missiles up to 5000km range

Moscow: USSR announced a decrease in Warsaw pact troops & that troops will be removed from Afghan at UN conference

Malta: marked end of cold war

64
Q

End of Cold war 1970-1991:

Explain the events that led to the collapse of USSR (4):

  • Fall of Berlin Wall (2)
  • End of Warsaw Pact (1)
  • Sattelite independance (1)
  • Gorbachev’s fall from power (4)
A
  • family re-united
  • triggered uprisings all over East Europe, USSR did not intervene; symbolic of glasnost
  • formally dissolved in 1991
  • no longer had to follow orders from Moscow, all sattelites abandoned communism
  • Hard line communists blamed Gorbachev for losing control of east europe - they staged a coup against him with the president of the Soviet Republic - undermined authority
  • 1990 Baltic states declared independance from USSR
  • perestroika and glasnost did not improve econ, w/food shortages and mass poverty
  • Gorbachev resigned after leaders of soviet republics joined the commonwealth of independant states

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