Paper 2) Urban Environments Flashcards

Question

Congestion definition

Answer 1

A condition on transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicle queueing.

Answer 2

A squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people

Answer 3

HEHATES -Housing - more demand than supply -Education - lack of schools -Health - aren't enough doctors and hospitals -Access to water and electricity -Traffic congestion and transport - traffic systems are overcrowded, high pollution -Employment - people have to join informal sector -Social problems - increase in crime

Answer 4

-slums are not linked to main sewage networks -there is waste near people -diseases can spread and causes people to fall sick -slums are overcrowded, diseases will also spread faster -this goes into the water supply which contaminates it -often have no mains electricity and residents illegally trap into the network so it is dangerous and might cause fires

Answer 5

Can magnify the risks of flash flooding so more infrastructure is damaged and destroyed

Answer 6

-The majority of slum dwellers work in the informal sector (e.g. recycling industry) -they have less income and it is more unstable

Answer 7

As cities grow, so do the number of cars on the road as many people commute to work -there is a lot of traffic in the city -This increases pollution and people will have respiratory problems

Answer 8

-Inequality between communities and conflicts over resources can lead to increased crime -there is more insecurity and people will feel unsafe.

Answer 9

-doesn't cost the government money, projects are cheap -Sense of community - families stay in their own areas and provide mutual support -Slum dwellers have a say in what improvements are made -able to remain in their own home whilst the improvements are made - less disruption to their lives.

Answer 10

-Still a risk that the government may knock the slum down in the future, money invested in risk -Only works on a small-scale -Overall improvement to standard of living and quality of life will take a long time

Answer 11

-Investment comes from either the government or NGOs- housing is permanent and legal. -Large-scale redevelopment is quick - more people are helped, extensive improvements -More access to services - hospitals and schools -less squalid conditions, reliable electricity and water supplies

Answer 12

-Loss of community spirit due to poorly designed housing blocks - less mutual support -People have to move to new schools, new jobs and register for new medical facilities - significant impact on their lives -Some people have to move into temporary accommodation whilst their new housing block is being developed and if development stalls they will be stuck in limbo.

Answer 13

-The Sana Ullah compound in Dharavi is the biggest area of plastic recycling in Mumbai -The Gorai Garbage site closure project - in 2007, the Gorai landfill site was 20-hectures and 27m deeps. Toxic fumes and runoff as polluting the local water supply. The government made a plan to reshape it into a hill, lined with material to prevent leaching and planted with grass to create a park. Methane capture technology has also been used to generate electricity cheaply for local residents. -120,000 rag pickers take anything reusable they find to Dharavi and sell their waste by the kilo to hundreds of small recycling plants -estimated that 80% of the Mumbai's solid waste is recycled into usable materials -15,000 factories dedicated to recycling and sorting Mumbai's waste

Answer 14

-city produces over 10,000 metric tonnes of solid waste every day -in Dharavi, even though the recycling work is effective, its hazardous and unregulated. Workers will sift through piles of festering rubbish with no safety equipment in extreme heat -small cuts and wounds quickly become infected as workers sift through medical waste and other biohazardous substances

Answer 15

-dangerous levels of Nitrous Oxides and particulate matter -hazardous to human health and can cause asthma -more than 22 million vehicles registered in Mumbai - noise, air pollution, traffic jams -rail transport is overcrowded, only two main motorways in and to the city

Answer 16

-The Mumbai monorail - the government decided in 2005 that a mono-rail would be a good solution to traffic congestion Pros: -reduces the amount of traffic on the roads, making them safer -constructed over built up areas without having to clear any roads/ land -carries passengers quickly, easily moves around the landscape -cheap Cons: -costly to build -number of passengers lower than expected - only 15,000 each day -mainly used by tourists due to its location away from the main city

Answer 17

-over 200,000 street children in Mumbai that have dropped out of school -police force them to move from any shelters they have created as some street children steal and take drugs

Answer 18

-Hamara foundation -creates social-work services for these children to help them get an education, improve their health, give them job skills -between 2013-2014, 327 children were supported by the foundation -foundation provides vocational training for 16-18 year olds in computing, mechanics, hospitality

Answer 19

-government toilet blocks charged individual for use, too expensive for most families -design for toilets are also very poor, without running water and no employees cleaning them

Answer 20

-NGO called SPARC -works with communities to build new toilet blocks that are connected to city sewers and water supplies -locals help to construct the toilet block and families can purchase monthly permits for 25 rupees, which is much cheaper than the government owned -in 5 years, 800 toilet blocks each with 8 toilets have been created

Answer 21

-economic growth is slowing -Mumbai has a huge informal economy (67%) -the government receives less money as the workforce doesn't pay full taxes -low economic growth means less money goes towards those areas of the city that need improvement, in housing, the environment, transport

Answer 22

The ability to access services and goods. This includes basics such as food and water, clothes, housing and personal mobility.

Answer 23

Term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.

Answer 24

When a country’s proportion working in the secondary sector starts to decline and the proportion working in the tertiary sector grows.

Answer 25

Different people/groups/cultures forced apart and/or living in divided communities for some reason.

Answer 26

The extent to which people’s needs and desires (social, psychological or physical) are met.

Answer 27

-Many non-British people live nearer the center of London as they come for job oppurtunities, while white British people live on the outskirts -People like to stay in a place in which the culture is accustomed to them, so they live close to people like themselves.

Answer 28

-London has the worst congestion in Britain with just under 35% of the capital’s roads regularly suffering jams, despite the congestion charge -nitrogen dioxide - can cause microscopic particles that go into your blood stream and cause lung cancer and respiratory issues

Answer 29

Congestion charges: -60,000 fewer vehicles enter the zones but congestion hasn't improved -congestion charge hasn't done much to reduce congestion -if it wasn't there, the congestion would be much more -brings in lots of extra revenue (1.3 billion pounds) -950 million spent on public transport Cycle superhighways: -encourage cyclist to use certain routes, sometimes confusing -segregated from the road so cyclists feel safe

Answer 30

-1.2 million tonnes of raw sewage has been dumped into the river Thames because the Victorian sewers can't cope -fatbergs - mass of waste matter in a sewer system formed by the combination of flushed non-biodegradable solids, such as wet wipes and fats

Answer 31

-London super sewer -25km long

Answer 32

-housing estates - land is cheaper, urbanization increasing -airports - large amount of space -warehouse/ industrial estates -retail parks -theme parks

Answer 33

Previously developed land that is no longer being used

Answer 34

Land that has never been built upon

Answer 35

Policy and land-use zone designation used in land-use planning to retain areas of undeveloped, agricultural land that are neighboring urban areas

Answer 36

-Cheaper and house construction rate is faster as there is no existing infrastructure needed to take down -Healthier environment

Answer 37

-Valuable farm land lost -Attractive scenery lost -Wildlife, habitats lost -Development causes noise pollution -Encourages urban sprawl -increases the amount of impermeable land which increases flood risk

Answer 38

-Reduces the loss of countryside that might otherwise have been taken for building -Helps revive old disused urban areas -Services such as water, electricity, sewage already in place (however, it might be bad as well as it interferes with the new building design)

Answer 39

-More expensive as old buildings have to be cleared -Often surrounded by rundown areas - doesn't appeal to more wealthy people -Higher levels of pollution

Answer 40

1. Check the sprawl (spreading) of cities like London and Birmingham 2. To protect the surrounding countryside from further development 3. To prevent neighbouring cities from merging into each other.

Answer 41

-They help prevent urban sprawl and give rural people easy access to natural spaces -protect the environment

Answer 42

-a lot of the UK's greenbelt land is farmland, which although it is helpful, farms generate a lot of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane -Around two-thirds of greenbelt land in the UK are farms -Greenbelts are usually also privately owned, as they are farms. This means that the public can't even enter without trespassing, which defeats the purpose of access to green spaces -Only 9% of greenbelt land in the UK is designates as areas of natural beauty.