Paper 1) Hazardous Environments Flashcards

Question

Seismic waves definition

Answer 1

-the earthquake's energy that is released and spread out from the focus

Answer 2

Point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus

Answer 3

-a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake from seismograph oscillations -10 point scale -Logarithmic

Answer 4

-measures how much damage is caused by the earthquake based on observations -scale between 1-12 -perception made from observer and the estimation they make based on damage to surroundings

Answer 5

-The great size or extent of something (earthquakes). Used for the Richter Scale -Describing the severity of an earthquake in number form. Used for the Mercalli Scale

Answer 6

-Richter scale shows an accurate magnitude no matter the location -Mercalli scale bases the earthquake's intensity on the damage done to the surroundings -if an earthquake is the same magnitude, but at an inhabited or uninhabited area, it is different -it is objective as it is based on the perception of the onlooker

Answer 7

Used to detect and record the vibration of the earth surface. Its vibrations are shown on display or paper print.

Answer 8

-Predict - difficult, but can observe the swelling of the rock, bubbles and gases coming to the surface, notice seismograph to tell if there are shocks and notice animal behaviours -Protect - design and build structures that are safe and provide protection -Prepare - authorities - e.g. for evacuation, training emergency services, putting warning systems in place, preparing hospitals, food supply, educating people

Answer 9

1. Prepare the area for disaster 2. Try to save people's lives and look after the people worst affected 3. Aim to get the area back to normal again

Answer 10

-try to evacuate the building -look for somewhere safe to go -Tsunami - get to high ground -find a place to drop, cover, hold

Answer 11

-Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. -Satellite images are increasingly being used. -Image of the affected area immediately after the earthquake can provide valuable information for search and rescue operations. -GIS - a computer system that consists of software used to analyze the collected data and hardware that the software would operate in

Answer 12

-open areas for people to assemble if evacuated -building materials are fire-resistant -to reduce movement: computer controlled weights on the roof -interlocking steel frame -steel structure with outer panels flexibly attached -to prevent falling glass: automatic window shutters -deep foundations sunk into bedrock to prevent the building's collapse and provide sturdiness -rubber shock-absorbers to absorb earth tremors -use of dampers allows hydraulic pressure to prevent building sway

Answer 13

-lightweight structures/ walls - subject to smaller forces and less likely to fall when the ground shakes -small windows - create fewer weak spots in walls -reinforced walls - with eucalyptus or bamboo -shock absorbers - tires filled with stone or sand and fastened between floor and the foundation

Answer 14

-April 2015 -7.8 Magnitude -destructive plate boundary -Pressure builds up along the fault line as plates 'stick' together. This stored energy becomes so great that the plates suddenly give way -Indian plate jumped forward about 2 metres

Answer 15

-over 8500 deaths and around 23000 causalities -hundreds of buildings destroyed, including schools, businesses, schools and hospitals. Over half a million homes destroyed -shockwaves from the quake reached neighboring countries -caused avalanches and landslides in the Himalayas, which caused climbers to lose their lives -over 2.8 million people displaced or homeless 7 billion US dollars of damage

Answer 16

-Many fields and crops were damaged so they lacked food and their livelihoods were destroyed -People did not have enough money to make or build new homes, so they became homeless -1.7 million children had been driven out into the open -Loss of tourist revenue, a major industry in Nepal -70% of the affected people still live in temporary shelters as they do not have enough money to rebuild

Answer 17

The geological make-up of the Kathmandu Valley (valley in Nepal) floor can increase the vibration in the case of an earthquake but also lead to soil liquefaction, which causes buildings to sink

Answer 18

Nepal is multicultural. This cultural diversity also leads to socio-economic inequality. This leads to certain groups systematically excluded from participating in developmental processes

Answer 19

Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world, more than 50% of the population lives below the poverty line of 1.25 US dollars per day

Answer 20

-almost 90% of the Nepalese Army were deployed to help, as well as troops from India and a number of aid agencies -specialist rescue teams used thermal imaging equipment and specially trained dogs to locate people

Answer 21

-Thousands of Nepalese women and men volunteered to help -2 months after the earthquake, 56 countries offered to help Nepal. 200 million for housing support, 100 million dollars for public -budget support -International aid (Japan was one of the biggest donors to Nepal) and NGOs offered extended relief effort -Government formed the National reconstruction authority to rebuild homes -200000 rupees each for the families who lost their homes

Answer 22

-A lack of education and info may mean that residents are unaware of the real risks, particularly if the hazards occur infrequently -People may be aware of the risks but decide to live in the area anyway. -People may be resigned to their fate 0 if they are to be victims, there is nothing they can do about it -These places are where families have lived for generations and where their friends and family live today - it is where they feel comfortable -Many people are optimists and think that they will never be a natural disaster victim -People may be unable to move away from the area, owing to a lack of money, or they worry about not being able to find a job elsewhere

Answer 23

-an alarm system that alerts people to escape from buildings or find somewhere safe -deep foundations -evacuation programs -dampers -steel structures

Answer 24

-large demography of elderly people, as they are least likely to help themselves or escape -low income countries, less money to spend on building infrastructure -densely populated areas - buildings can collapse into each other and cause more damage -people with disabilities can't escape from falling buildings -education level

Answer 25

-Choropleth map -Highly destructive earthquakes often occur in areas that hazard maps predict to be relatively safe.

Answer 26

-High income countries can afford to rebuild. -They can move and rebuild towns to less dangerous areas.

Answer 27

-education -building design -home preparation -buildings and settlement location -housing and population density -prediction, alarms, evacuation procedures -search teams, rescue equipment -medical care, emergency supplies -economic status -insurance -sex, age and health -aid

Answer 28

-march 2011 -9 on the Richter scale -destructive plate boundary -Tohuku earthquake

Answer 29

-Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes at destructive plate boundaries. -an oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle beneath a continental plate -causes friction, plates stick -Energy accumulates -When the energy exceeds the friction, the plates snaps back into position -water is displaced, force creates waves that radiate outward in all directions away from their source

Answer 30

-The destruction of thousands of homes -The flooding of large areas -Total cost of repair and rebuild was at £185 billion. Over 6% was wiped from the value of shares on the Japanese stock exchange, equivalent to a loss of £90 billion.

Answer 31

-In Northeast Japan the loss of homes meant nearly half a million people were living in shelters -The disruption to rail and road links made it harder for rescue teams and equipment to reach places where it was needed, and later it became difficult for families to reunite.

Answer 32

-100,000 people began the disaster relief mission -Shelters were set up in schools and sports halls for people displaced -The Japanese government gave the affected supplies

Answer 33

-The Japanese Red Cross mobilized 230 emergency teams to the worst affected areas -Mercy Corps provided relief items - tents, tarps, blankets, etc -Shelterbox, a international disaster relief charity sent 1500 boxes to Japan containing a tent, sleeping bags, gloves, cooking equipment, tools, and toys.

Answer 34

-Many countries, including the UK, sent teams to help with search and rescue -Operation USA began working to address needs for material aid with a focus on shelter and medical supplies -Staged disaster supplies were prepped and dispatched from OpUSA's port of Los Angeles warehouse

Answer 35

-volcanic explosivity index (VEI) -logarithmic scale

Answer 36

-Geothermal energy which can be used to generate electricity for Icelandic homes and industries. Where magma is close to the surface, groundwater turns to steam. This can be used to drive a turbine to generate electricity cheaply and sustainably. -Geothermal heating. It is predicted in the future the number of homes heated by geothermal heating will be 92%. Water from hot springs are piped to homes. -tourism and recreation. There are nice views in Iceland, with waterfalls, basaltic cliffs, crater lakes, volcanic cones, etc.

Answer 37

-June 1997 -4 on the VEI

Answer 38

-ash, smoke in the air -2000 people left the island the day the volcano started erupting -20 people killed -homes were destroyed, transport and communication links in the more uninhabited parts of the island -people lost their possessions -fires spread to gas pipe explosions damaging woodland -landslides triggered with river water mixing with ash, mud and lava to form lahars -forest fires caused by pyroclastic flow

Answer 39

-many people has to be rehoused, sometimes in refugees camps of make-shift tents that became permanent -disease spread such as silicosis and respiratory illness -water pipes damaged, water supplies contaminated -over half the population left the island and never returned -income lost due to a focus on rebuilding and repairing damage -pressures rose financially and increased crime rates -tourism industry suffered -important natural landmarks were lost with flora and fauna being badly impacted/ destroyed -a layer of ash and mud covered the southern side of the island, making it uninhabitable

Answer 40

-£41 million given in aid by the British government -money was given to individual to help them abroad -the MVO (Montserrat Volcano Observatory) was set up to study the volcano and provide future warnings -risk assessment done to help islanders understand which areas are at risk and reduce problems in future

Answer 41

-are unpredictable, scientist can use: -seismometer - used to measure earthquakes occurring near an eruption -tiltmeters and GPS satellites - these devices monitor any changes in landscape. Volcanoes tend to swell near an eruption -Spiders - monitoring gases escaping from a volcano using robots called Spider that monitor the release of sulphur dioxide near an near an eruption -satellite imagery - measuring temperature, we can see when volcanoes become hotter when magma starts to rise through the main vent -historical events - looking at the past history of eruptions - scientists can identify patterns of activity

Answer 42

-starts between 5 and 30 degrees N and S of latitude -seawater at least 26 degrees -118km/h -strong winds, 10-12km above the earth -they blow east to west (due to the earth's spin) because of trade winds around the equator, spinning away from the equator -peak in august as the water warms slower than land

Answer 43

1. Once the ocean reaches at least 26 C, the warm air rises quickly, causing areas of low pressure 2. As the air continues to rise quickly, it draws more moist air up from above the ocean, leading to strong winds 3. Rapid, rising, warm air spirals upwards, cools, condenses and large clouds form, producing heavy rainfall 4. In the eye cold air sinks, and the conditions are calm and dry 5. When cyclones reach a land surface, they begin to lose energy and die out as they are not receiving heat energy and moisture from the oceans, which is needed to drive them

Answer 44

A very powerful low-pressure weather system which results in strong winds and heavy rainfall

Answer 45

Global winds blow from high to low pressure. The earth is constantly rotating and deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere -does not take place on the equator

Answer 46

The Saffir Simpson scale

Answer 47

-through GID and satellite imagery -used to spot where they originate, which helps forecaster to plot where they will go -40% of the world's population live 100km distance of the sea, so its important they are monitored

Answer 48

-when it reaches land it loses its energy as it has no fuel source (warm water) -when it moves to areas of colder water (below 26.5) -when it runs into other weather systems where winds are blowing in different directions

Answer 49

-3 day forecast track (weather forecast) -satellite imagery -early warning system -tropical cyclone shelters and evacuation strategies -storm surge barriers/ embankments -preparing emergency pack/ government supplies

Answer 50

-prediction -planning -aid -education -protection

Answer 51

-constant monitoring and weather forecasting - helps to give advanced warming of a tropical storm -ships and buoys record water temperatures and air pressure, sending results to shore -satellite tracking - used to track tropical cyclone. Easy to spot satellite images as they use visible and infrared images to see if a storm grows and where it moves to -computer models - use the atmospheric pressure data, seawater temperature and information on wind speeds. Modelling programmes combines this information to estimate likely tracks of tropical cyclones how severe storms might become and where they might go -difficult to predict - equipment is expensive and not affordable for many developing countries like the Philippines

Answer 52

-Emergency services can train and prepare for disasters. This reduces the number of people killed. -Evacuation routes in risk zones to get people away from storms quickly -emergency services and planning evacuation can be very expensive. Often the poorest people even in developed countries do not have access to a car or cannot afford to move. E.g. New Orleans, hurricane Katrina

Answer 53

-government or organisations - reduce impacts by providing basic needs -charities such as DEC (Disasters Emergency Committee) and ShelterBox provide aid to nations affected by tropical cyclones. ShelterBox provides emergency shelter and non-food supplies

Answer 54

information about tropical cyclones is broadcasted daily on tv, radio, internet, social media -people are encouraged to buy the right supplies and make a family disaster plan for reaching shelter -in the US hurricane preparedness week is held every may to let people know what to be in a hurricane -in developing countries, a nationwide education programme may not be practical. Funding limited and fewer people would have access to tv or the Internet

Answer 55

-embankments, river levees, flood walls - defend settlements from storm surges -can take a long time to plan and develop as well as being extremely costly so they only be afforded by developed countries -walls and roofs of houses can be strengthen so wind cannot damage them so easily -houses at serious risks of flooring could be built on stilts -projects restoring lost wetland can be put in place so that trees such as mangroves absorb storm energy -belts of trees can be planted to shelter coastal homes from the wind

Answer 56

-2019 -cyclone Idai

Answer 57

-homes destroyed -infrastructure damage -flooding -crops destroyed -1.85 million in need of assistance -1 million without electricity -50 health units destroyed -governments have less well developed emergency services, it is more difficult to get help -many emergency workers are also affected by the disaster and may be unable to perform their duty -fewer people have insurance or savings, so they don't have the resources to rebuild their lives

Answer 58

-Mozambique has a high HIV prevalence, with damage to the health services, so they can't get medication -isn't enough safe drinking water, sewage systems overflow and contaminate drinking supply and people's hygiene and sanitation suffer in the aftermath of any natural disaster - increases diseases -mosquito borne diseases like malaria and dengue are always present. More cases are likely to occur after flooding because of increase numbers of mosquitoes

Answer 59

-The highest possible alert was raised by the government three days before the cyclone struck, telling people to evacuate threatened areas -South African air force and Indian army, which happened to have a ship in the area, drove the initial rescue effort

Answer 60

-high relief that flows down to the coast. Rivers are flooded due to heavy rainfall and will flow into Mozambique -most people live on the coast which is close to the sea and at risk to storm surges -most people work in agriculture - when the storm affects and destroys crops, more people are affected -large amounts of deforestation - trees prevent flooding -people who get HIV is increasing over the years - health centres are destroyed, so people can't get treatment and more people get HIV -Mozambique GDP per capita is much lower than the world average - less money to rebuild their homes after a cyclone occurs

Answer 61

-December 2004 -9.2 magnitude

Answer 62

A series of ocean waves caused by earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions

Answer 63

-an earthquake occurs and one section of the crust is thrust upwards -water is displaced, creating a wave which spreads out -as the wave approaches the shore, the wave height increases and the wave length shortens

Answer 64

-out in the depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do not dramatically increase in height -as waves travel inland, they build up to higher heights as the depth of the ocean decrease, speed slows -as the wave moves closer to the shore, it grows taller as the as the ocean becomes shallower

Answer 65

-raised position above the ground - stilts -strong/ reinforced base -shatterproof windows