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Geography > Paper 2) Economic Activity and Energy > Flashcards

Paper 2) Economic Activity and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Economic activity definition

A

Activities carried out by human to earn income and acquire wealth by making, providing, purchasing, or selling goods or services

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2
Q

Employment structure definition

A

The % of workers in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors. Employment can be classified according to the type of work that is done.

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3
Q

Primary sector definition

A

Working natural resources. The main activities are agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining and quarrying

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4
Q

Secondary sector definition

A

Manufacturing things, or construction

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5
Q

Tertiary sector definition

A

Providing services: doctors, teachers, waiters, hairdressers, banker

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6
Q

Quaternary sector definition

A

Intellectual or knowledge-based economy
-computing, research

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7
Q

Employment structure of the UK

A

1.4% Primary
18% secondary
80% tertiary and quaternary
70,000 USD GDP per capita

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8
Q

Employment structure of Nepal

A

75% primary
7% secondary
18% tertiary
1200 USD GDP per capita

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9
Q

Positives of the quaternary sector

A

-Allows for a specialized space where entrepreneurial thinking becomes key
-Provides countries with an opportunity to focus on finding new ways to support other sectors

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10
Q

Negatives of the quaternary sector

A

-too specialized environment, tends to decline during poor economic circumstances
-Requires significant investment to compensate for highly skilled people

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11
Q

Clark fisher model

A

-Draw it

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12
Q

Agglomeration industries

A

A localized economy where many companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency from this proximity.
Example: LA for movies, Houston for energy, Silicon Valley for computer technology

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13
Q

Footloose industries

A

An industry that can be at any location without effect of factors of location such as land, labour, climate and capital.
Example: Diamonds, computer chips, and mobile manufacturing

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14
Q

Physical factors affecting the location of industry

A

-flat, unpolluted land (greenfield site)
-natural transport links - rivers
-raw materials/ water supply
-climate
-high environmental quality
-renewable energy sources

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15
Q

Human factors affecting the location of industry

A

-cheap labour
-good housing
-close supply network
-reliable electricity and water supply
-nearby universities - quaternary industries

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16
Q

HIC, MIC, LIC

A

-high income country
-middle income country
-low income country

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17
Q

Reasons for change in the numbers of people employed in each sector

A

-raw materials become exhausted
-new technology
-government policies
-globilisation
-demographic and social change

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18
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - raw materials

A

-become exhausted
-manufacturers may change their location

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19
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - new technology

A

-Increased mechanisation in agriculture and manufacturing
-reduces demand for labour - less people in the primary sector

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20
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - government policies

A

The degree of government intervention in the economy
-minimal in capitalist countries
-complete control in communist countries

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21
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - globilisation

A

-advances in transport and communications technology
-countries become increasingly dependent on each other
-therefore all places can concentrate on their economic strength
-e.g. Kenya able to grow fruit, vegetables, flowers for markets in Europe/ cars made in South Korea cheaply shipped around the world

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22
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - demographic and social change

A

Populations change over time. Mostly they grow
-more workers
-increased demand for a range of goods and services such as food
-boost the economic sectors.

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23
Q

China’s economic growth facts

A

-in per capita terms, it is still a MIC
-GDP growth has averaged over 9 percent a year
-more than 800 million people have lifted themselves out of poverty
-manufacturing output in China in 1970: 5th
-2015: 1st

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24
Q

China economic sector shifts

A

-shift from primary –> secondary - main cause of China’s recent economic development and prosperity
-secondary sector accounts for half of the country’s GDP, but only a quarter of the labour force
-success mainly due to availability of cheap labour and energy
-large employment in primary sector but contribution to GDP is shrinking

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25
Deindustrialisation in the UK
-The secondary sector is decreasing -people are losing their jobs, factories abandoned -industrialisation in China is increasing, making manufacturing in the UK redundant
26
Deindustrialisation in the UK - statistics
-UK was the world's first industrial revolution -50 years ago, manufacturing produced 40% of the country's economic wealth and employed one-third of the workforce -today, it produces less than 25% of the wealth and employs less than 20% of the workforce
27
Reasons for the growth in tertiary and quaternary industries in the UK
-increase in trade unions and demands for better pay and conditions -higher wages -scientific research
28
Reasons for the decline in primary and secondary industries in the UK
-increased land use and price for housing - limited space for farming -cheaper goods, labour abroad -mechanisation -falling birth rate
29
Informal sector definition
Part of a country's economy that is not recognised as normal income sources. People do not declare their income and pay no taxes on them. Also known as the 'black economy'
30
Formal employment
Regulated, taxed, contractual work
31
Remittances definition
Money sent back from the migrant in their new settlement to their previous settlement, normally to family members to support them
32
Underemployment vs unemployment
-Underemployment - when an individual is working not to their full capacity. Working hours are less than they would like -unemployment - when an individual of working age is not working
33
Advantages of informal employment
-it employs large number of people with no alternative employment -develops skills that can lead to other formal employment opportunities in the future -no taxes will be raised -any profits will be spent locally and will stimulate other local activities -little money needed - easy to start a business
34
Disadvantages of the informal sector
-the standard of goods sold are often low - doesn't generate much money - they have a low wage -income is irregular and uncertain - instability to workers -often the activity is illegal and unregulated so the workers are not protected
35
Energy gap definition
The difference between a country's demand for energy and the ability for it to produce that energy from its own sources.
36
Energy mix definition
The range of energy sources of a region or country, both renewable and non-renewable.
37
Energy security definition
The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.
38
Energy consumption definition
The amount of energy used.
39
Primary energy definition definition
Fuels that provide energy without undergoing any conversion process, for example coal, natural gas and fuelwood.
40
Secondary energy definition
Electricity and petrol which are made from the processing of primary fuels. Leading source of energy today
41
Energy consumption around the world
-China - 24% of global primary energy consumption -US - 17% -Africa - 3.4% -world's energy demand has increased 56% for the last 20 years
42
Advantages of fossil fuels
-traditional energy source - power plants, vehicles, industrial plants are built around using them -many are more reliable than most renewables and are not subject to weather conditions -new technologies such as carbon capture and storage are emerging that may allow fossil fuel use with less harmful effects to the environment
43
Disadvantages of fossil fuels
-extracting and transporting - caused widespread environmental damage from strip mining and accidental oil spills -releases harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, primarily CO2 -Incorporating carbon capture technologies into existing fossil fuel plants to prevent CO2 emissions is extremely costly -non renewable
44
Types of non-renewable energy sources
-coal -oil -natural gas -nuclear (finite) -fuelwood (take longer to grow than chop down)
45
Costa Rica's energy use
-majority of electricity comes from hydropower (78%), geothermal (10%) -less developed -surrounded by mountains and have easy access to the ocean
46
Advantages of renewable resources
-don't release pollutants into the atmosphere -found everywhere in the world and cannot be depleted -costs decreasing as technology advances and once established, maintenance costs are generally low -trained technicians needed - generate more jobs -little to no greenhouse emissions
47
Disadvantages of renewable resources
-Initial costs high and require careful planning and implementation -Building dams expensive to build and maintain -Solar and wind require large land to produce energy quantities competitive with fossil fuel burning -some are weather dependent, unreliable
48
Types of renewable energy
-solar -wind -hydroelectric -geothermal -tidal -hydrogen -biomass
49
Carbon footprint definition
The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation, or community.
50
Sustainable use - efficiency
-Wall insulation -Solar panels -Ground source heat pumps -Double glazing -Boiler upgrade
51
Sustainable use - conservation
-use solar panels -renewable bio-based chemicals -making small lifestyle changes -transportation -urban design
52
Sustainable use - home (domestic)
-reduce plastic waste, natural cleaning products -use LED light bulbs -conserve water (lower shower times)
53
Sustainable use - industry
-optimizing energy usage -distributed energy resources (DER) - onsite solar power, wind power, battery storage -computer based system that controls everything - lighting, meters, sensors
54
Sustainable use - transport
-use electric cars -use hybrid cars -more public transport -phase out of petrol and diesel cars
55
How does increased wealth/ more development results in a greater use of energy per capita
-more infrastructure, buildings - use up more energy -afford to use energy for electricity bill -disposable income to spend on devices like phone and laptops -In less developed countries, there might not be transport links to other places, less energy
56
Solution to Nepal's energy gap
-micro-hydro schemes as Nepal does not have money to build large scale dams -divert streams from high altitude, take water through a pipe, turns turbine and generates power -community operates and maintains the energy sources - they dig the channels, install lights, etc. -one micro-hydro scheme - averages 30 kw - enough to power a village
57
How the UK is developing its energy mix
-energy gap widened, phasing out ff -ff stil being burnt, renewable cannot fully replace - cheaper to import foreign coal -nuclear -wind - contributes 27% of UK's total electricity generation
58
How the UK is developing its energy mix - nuclear
-2 nuclear stations can power 4 million homes -meet around 20% of UK's energy needs -30 million pounds spent on improvement during outages -Uranium pellets are equivalent to 1 and a half tones of coal
59
How the UK is developing its energy mix - wind
The world's largest-capacity offshore wind energy project - middle of the north sea -Over 180m tall -each turbine can generate 7 megawatts of energy -one rotation: power household for 24 hrs -electricity sent to the UK using underwater cables to > 1 million households -offshore winds meet 10% of energy needs
60
Thomas Malthus view - population growth and resources
-population growth proceeded at a faster rate than the increase in food supply -there would come a time when there was no longer sufficient food to feed the population -At this point, population growth would stop by a lower birth rate, or a higher death rate (famine, disease, war)
61
Ester Boserup view - population growth and resources
-increases in population stimulate an improvement in food production. Developments in technology would solve the problem. -"necessity is the mother of invention". -e.g. the use of fertilisers and irrigation systems

Geography (6 decks)

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