Paper 2 - Uk's Physical Landscapes

Question 1

How are headlands and bays formed?

Answer 1

Headlands and bays are formed when mainly destructive ways attack areas of the coast with soft rock. This means the rock is more likely to erode instead of the alternating soft rock, forming headlands and bays

Question 2

What is the rock type on a concordant coastline?

Answer 2

The same (hard)

Question 3

What features are found on a concordant coastline?

Answer 3

Hard rock such as limestone, minimal beach area, rocky and hard cliffs

Question 4

What is the rock type on a discordant coastline?

Answer 4

Alternating rock types (hard and soft) which is perpendicular to the sea made up of chalk and limestone primarily

Question 5

What is an example of both?

Answer 5

Dorset coastline

Question 6

What are joins and faults and how do they effect erosion?

Answer 6

They are weaknesses in the rock caused by the earths movement they allow the rock to be exploited to erosion

Question 7

What is the difference between hard and soft rock?

Answer 7

Hard and rock is less resistant than soft rock, hard rock includes igneous metamorphic and limestone where as soft includes sand and clay

Question 8

Describe the characteristics of headlands and bays?

Answer 8

Bays are areas where rock has been eroded by waves which remove sediment as the rock isn’t very resistant and they are very inclosed and dip into the land. Headlands stick out and are made up of very resistant rocks.

Question 9

Describe the characteristics of wave cut platforms

Answer 9

It is a wide spread of hard rock that lies at the bottom of a cliff and is usually at sea level and seen clearly during a low tide

Question 10

How are wave cut platforms formed?

Answer 10

Waves erode a certain area in the cliff/ rock and the powerful waves keep impacting in that certain area over time this weakens the rock and from a wave cut notch as the waves keep on impacting on the notch, waves get into it and eventually the overhang collapses forming a platform and the bottom of the cliff where the sea lies

Question 11

What are the characteristics of arch’s stack’s and stumps?

Answer 11

Arches are a curved shape starting from one point in the sea going to another in a sort of curved semi circle, stacks area arches that have been eroded and are a thick long cylinder of hard rock in the middle of the sea and a stump is a stack that has been eroded to the point where it is a mere square of rock

Question 12

How are arch, stacks and stumps formed?

Answer 12

It all starts as a cave over time the rock is eroded by waves within the sea and it becomes an arch as the water works its way into cracks in the cliff known as hydraulic action, as its part of a headland the arch will collapse as it gets to big the top cannot support it and as a result a stack forms, the base of the stack is attacked and forms into a stump

Question 13

What three factors effect wave energy?

Answer 13

Wind duration, wind strength and the fetch (how far the wave has travelled)

Question 14

Where in the UK has the biggest waves and why?

Answer 14

Cornwall because the waves travel such a long distance (fetch) across the Atlantic ocean to get to the coast and because the wind duration is also effected as it blows over the sea for a long period of time in order for the waves to be so massive which also means the winds have to be powerful if they are to generate such energy with in the waves like they do in Cornwall

Question 15

List the characteristics of a destructive wave

Answer 15

Created in stormy conditions, when wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long duration, when the fetch is long and waves have lots of energy, tend to erode the coast, short wave length (happen frequently) and are high and steep

Question 16

How does rotational slumping mass break down cliffs?

Answer 16

Sudden mass movements of earth or rock dropping down Water will get into soft rock i.e sandstone and will saturate in it and the weight of the rock above is so heavy it slumps down and the clay moves into the sea like a mudflow which weakens the rock whoch makes a slump more liklely

Question 17

How do rockfalls break down cliffs?

Answer 17

They weaken the structure if the cliffs and make it less resistant as when it is worn down the rock is taken away gradually killing the cliff

Question 18

Compare biological, chemical and freeze thaw weathering

Answer 18

Freeze thaw is when water gets into cracks and the climate is cold the water will freeze and this will weaken and break of parts of the rock, chemical weathering is where chemicalsq in rock react with those in rain water as it is slightly acidic wearing the rock down, and biological is where growing plant roots through trees etc.. can exert pressure on rock causing it to break down.

Question 19

Define these words: ( hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution)

Answer 19

Hydraulic action - the force of the sea against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. The pressure weakens the rock and gradually wears it away, Abrasion - rocks carried along by the sea wear down the sea bed and rocks, Attrition - rocks being carried by the sea smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles, Solution - soluble particles are dissolved into the sea.

Question 20

Define traction, saltation and suspension

Answer 20

Traction - large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed, Solution - minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution, Suspension - fine light material is carried along in the water,Saltation - small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed.

Question 21

Explain LSD (long shore drift)

Answer 21

Prevailing winds from SW, Waves approach beach in the same direction as prevailing winds, Swash moves sediment up the beach in the same direction of the wind, Backwash moves sediment down the beach at a right angle due to gravity, The next waves pick up the sediment, The sediment moves along the coastline

Question 22

Explain how a spit forms

Answer 22

longshore drift moves material along the coastline, when the coastline changes dramatically, sand starts to build up behind the headland, over time more and more material is added to the spit, the area behind the headland is sheltered and a salt marsh begins to form, it develops a hook if the wind changed direction

Question 23

Characteristics of a spit

Answer 23

The ‘spit’ is curved around from the land into a thin strip of land. This curved area of land is surrounded by shallow water judging by the light blue colour of it. Around the outside of the grass is sand going around the outside of the grassy area. This is the starting of a development of a coast line.

Question 24

How do beaches form?

Answer 24

Beaches are made up of sediment eroded from cliffs and generally soft rocks. LSD and the dominant winds moves it down the coastline and transports it down the coastline. In a bay deposition is so large as the waves are constructive hence carrying a lot of sediment to transport to the beaches Groynes trap sediment in order for it to stop it being washed away.

Question 25

Compare the characteristics of a spit to a bar

Answer 25

The bar will have a long line of sand going across it joining up to the rest of the coast and will form a lagoon however a spit is just an area that goes inland where a marshland is formed but there in no beach or very minimal

Question 26

Explain the formation of a spit

Answer 26

LSD moves the sediment up the coastline the headlands are filled with sand which formally causes a spit. The high amount of sediment means a bar can be formed across two headlands which are joined up as part of the coastline, creating a lagoon in behind which gradually gets infilled by deposition.

Question 27

How does coastal management (building groynes for example) affect coastlines down drift?

Answer 27

They trap sediment which means down drift less sediment can be delivered onto other beaches and coastlines

Question 28

How does dredging effect the coastline?

Answer 28

Changes composition of minerals in the water which can effect sea life

Question 29

How does industry effect the coastline?

Answer 29

It effects the coastline because gas is being pumped out from the sea onto the coastline which conflicts with the tourists as they are put off from going to the coast because of this

Question 30

How does development (jobs, houses, building) impact the coastline?

Answer 30

Housing - cheaper on the coast than in the city and jobs are open on the coast for coastal development

Question 31

How is swanage coastline affected by physical processes (geology, discordant, headlands/bays, erosion/ deposition)?

Answer 31

Coastal erosion is occurring when waves are smacking against the cliff face and causing the cliffs and coastline to retreat, creating headlands and bays, there is also deposition occurring when sediment is being deposited onto the coastline where beaches are created

Question 32

How is swanage coastline being affected by human processes (management, industry, tourism, transport, etc..)?

Answer 32

Areas of beach have been created such as bays etc.. which attracts tourism especially in the hotter months, it has groynes and sea walls to cause minimal damage to beaches and protect the town

Question 33

How bad will sea level get and how does it effect places in the world?

Answer 33

Sea level can get severe due to climate change as storms surges are going to become a more frequent thing which means it is going to effect places on the coastlines of certain areas like on the east of england where the wind fetch is long and in the river thames further down as it will cause it to flood

Question 34

How will climate change effect erosion deposition?

Answer 34

If waves become more destructive as a result of storm surges erosion will become more frequent and more sediment will be deposited onto the shore

Question 35

How will climate change affect storm frequency, intensity, and storm surges?

Answer 35

They will become more intense because climate change is already a contributing factor to rising sea levels but also contribute to the intensity on the storm surges as it causes pressure to go lower down meaning the waves will be more aggressive and means that they will occur more frequently then they do

Question 36

How will storm surges effect people and the environment?

Answer 36

Homes can be flooded and shops and businesses near or on the coastline can be ruined, people may also have to relocate and a lot of money has to be paid in insurance

Question 37

Explain how groynes and sea walls work?

Answer 37

Stops

LSD moving sediment along the coast, sea walls reflect wave energy back out to sea

Question 38

How do beach replenishment and slope stabilisation work?

Answer 38

Add sediment to the beach to build height stops saturation of soil and reduces water pressure

Question 39

Advantages and disadvantages of each?

Answer 39

Groynes - good for tourists and absorb wave, high maintenance, sea wall - cliff isn’t undercut but they are expensive, beach replenishment - cheap but sediment needs to be replaces often, slop stabilisation - keeps cliff in place but difficult to install

Question 40

What is the difference between hard and soft engineering and which is better -

Answer 40

hard engineering takes longer to install and is more expensive but is more effective so therefore better and soft is semi efficient but cheap and doesn’t last as long

Question 41

What is strategic realignment and where is left to erode?

Answer 41

Gradually let
low value areas of the shoreline to erode
backwards to help protect high value areas.
Compensation is given.

Question 42

Explain why ICZM schemes are good for coastal management?

Answer 42

It splits areas up into which are most effective and needed and which ones need to be saved

Question 43

What are the three main types of rock?

Answer 43

Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentry

Question 44

How are these types of rock formed in, explain in the order - igneous,metamorphic then sedimentary?

Answer 44

Igneous- formed from lavas and deep magmas. Formally molten but then are cooled and crystallised. Metamorphic- former sedimentary rocks heated and compressed during igneous activity, which makes them more tough. Sedimentary- formed from sediments deposited and eroded from the sea and sea bed also from certain rivers.

Question 45

How are peaks and valleys formed?

Answer 45

Valleys are formed when glaciation moves soft rock from sand and shales and it is deposited further down the valley. Peaks are formed when sedimentary rock is uplifted through tectonics (plates being pushed together) leaving peaks (the highest points of the mountains)

Question 46

What is the tees - exe line?

Answer 46

The line that separates the main rock types in the uk

Question 47

Name the three types of processes which contribute to the erosion of valleys?

Answer 47

Weathering processes, slope processes and post glacial river processes

Question 48

What are examples of each and explain them?

Answer 48

Weathering - freeze thaw - where water gets into cracks, temperature gets cold at night freezes and melts breaking off rock slope - rockfalls cause scree fragments to fall and landslides. A lot of rain adds to the weight of weathered rock. post glacial - lakes at the bottom of U shaped valleys deposit slit and mud at the bottom of valleys making ground fertile benefiting farmers.

Question 49

Give an example of a study of rocks in an upland and lowland area in the UK?

Answer 49

Giants causeway - northern ireland (upland) south east coast - (lowland)

Question 50

Where are 3 places in the UK where there is igneous rock?

Answer 50

Giants causeway in northern ireland (eroded basalt rock) Pillow Lava in Cornwall, formed on the sea floor almost 450 million years ago, Basalt dyke, Isle of Man, formed as magma rose through a crack in the rock as the crust stretched about 50 million years ago.

Question 51

Where are 3 places in the UK where there is sedimentary rock?

Answer 51

Chalk cliffs on the Sussex coast, formed from microscopic remains of marine plankton 100 million years ago, Limestone layers slipping down over soft mudstone layers beneath in Dorset, Sandstone hills in the northwest Highlands, 700 million years old

Question 52

Compare the formation and characteristics of granite and carboniferous limestone

Answer 52

Granite forms from the crystallisation of magma whereas carboniferous limestone was formed from the remains of shells of millions of millions of sea creatures. Granite is composed of many minerals and is usually and red/grey colour where there is also dark mineral grains visible in the rock. Carboniferous limestone has horizontal layers with bedding plates where joints are vertical. The joints expose the rock to different forms of weathering.

Question 53

Compare the formation and characteristics of chalk and slate

Answer 53

Chalk rock is made up of marine algae and dead marine shells that were made of calcite where as slate is made up of clay and volcanic. The characteristics of slate are that it is fine grained, foliated and homogeneous metamorphic but rock is very porous and allows water go penetrate it.

Question 54

Explain how glacial erosion and deposition have shaped the UK uplands

Answer 54

Glacial erosion wears down the rock to the point where it will create peaks and valleys and deposition occurs when mud and slit is deposited to the bottom of valleys making them fertile.

Question 55

Explain when and how sedimentary rock was formed across the UK lowlands

Answer 55

Sedimentary rock was formed in the sea when it deposited remains of marine creatures in the form pf sedimentary rock coming to Britain almost 700 million years ago.

Question 56

Explain how glacial deposition formed the Uk lowlands

Answer 56

Sediment is deposited into the rivers in UK lowlands after it gets eroded

Question 57

Explain when and how active volcanoes helped shaped the uplands of the Uk.

Answer 57

The shape of the lowland of these landforms are determined by the composition of the magma flowing into the specific volcano from underground.

Question 58

Explain how scarp and vale topography forms in the uk lowlands

Answer 58

Scarp slopes become steep due to erosion the less resistant strata will be eroded away leaving the more resistant strata as a caprock forming the dip slope

Question 59

Compare weathering on uplands and lowlands

Answer 59

Freeze thaw weathering occurs in upland areas however biological weathering will occur in lowland areas

Question 60

Compare the soil/rock movement processes in upland and lowland areas

Answer 60

Erosion in the uplands and soil is also deposited in uplands meaning landslides will occur and rockfalls also occur in lowland areas

Question 61

Compare misfit rivers and dry valleys

Answer 61

After the ice has melted away completely, rivers again flow through many U-shape valleys. These rivers are far too small to have eroded the valley they flow through but dry valleys During the ice age, underground water remained frozen while surface water melted. This forced the flow of meltwater over the surface and formed valleys but when water can flow underground it becomes a dry valley.

Question 62

Explain how glaciers effect both landscapes

Answer 62

For upland landscapes soft rock is eroded from glaciers wearing down the rock causing dips in the valleys and also forcing the hard rock up causing peaks and on lowland areas there is an uplift that gets eroded and the slopes are on the end of eroded area of rock leaving a vale in the middle and two high lands either side.

Question 63

Explain 2 ways humans effect upland landscapes

Answer 63

Settlements - spread out so humans can go crops within the soil
Farming - sheep grazing stops growth of plants and trees destroying vegatation

Question 64

Explain 2 ways humans effect lowland landscapes

Answer 64

Building material - timber is used for farm houses and other buildings needed around lowland areas
Field boundaries - hedgerows are put out marking out fields drainage ditches for waste and un needed water

Question 65

Compare which landscape has been effected more by humans

Answer 65

Upland has been majorly effected as vegetation damaged by sheep grazing and there are several settlements spread out for crops and buildings which take up land and crops then de compose soil lowland also faces the same problem and material is used again building on areas of land.