Fragile World and ecosystems

Question 1

How many layers are there of the earth and what are they?

Answer 1

4 - Crust, mantle, outer core and inner core

Question 2

What are plates are how do they meet one and other?

Answer 2

They are what is in a divided crust and they meet at plate margins

Question 3

What are the three different types of plates?

Answer 3

Constructive, conservative and destructive

Question 4

What do the plates do at each of these plate margins?

Answer 4

Constructive - plates move apart, constructive where plates slide past each other, destructive - where the plates collide.

Question 5

3 facts about the crust

Answer 5

Has an oceanic crust and continental crust, 5 km depth on oceanic crust and 70 km deep in continental crust, under the ocean is basalt and under continents is granite.

Question 6

3 facts about the mantle:

Answer 6

It’s 3000 km thick, The magma in the mantle moves slowly slowly due to powerful convection currents, temperature of it is crucial to formation of tsunamis and earthquakes.

Question 7

3 facts about the outer core:

Answer 7

Made up of liquid and iron, 2200 km thick and 5300°C, the iron is responsible for our electro magnetic field which helps us live.

Question 8

3 Facts about the inner core:

Answer 8

7200 km thick, made of solid nickel and iron, heat originates radio active decay.

Question 9

3 facts about the oceanic crust:

Answer 9

Sinks at mantle when both crusts meet, forms constantly at constructive plate margins, destroyed at destructive plate margins.

Question 10

3 facts continental crust:

Answer 10

Doesn’t sink, 3.4 billion years old, cannot be destroyed

Question 11

What happens in the earths core to make volcanic eruptions and earthquakes to occur?

Answer 11

Heat rises from the earths core, setting of convection currents up in the mantle. The convection currents can move the plates to the extent that it can trigger earthquakes and volcanos.

Question 12

What happens at destructive plate margins and how do they trigger volcanic eruptions?

Answer 12

At destructive plate margins the oceanic plate is denser than the continental plate and sinks beneath it. It sinks into the mantle and melts. Meaning it will rise up thorough the continental crust and explode at the surface as a volcano.

Question 13

What happens at conservative plate margins and how do they trigger earthquakes?

Answer 13

The two plates are side by side. They move at different rates per year and cause friction over time. Eventually there is a release of energy that slides a plate out of place because of the build up of energy which causes an earthquake.

Question 14

What happens at constructive plate boundaries?

Answer 14

Two plates are moving opposite ways. This allows magma to rise in the gap that is created by the two plates. This allows the formation of volcanos.

Question 15

What happens at a collision boundary?

Answer 15

An oceanic and continental plate come together going in the same direction. The continental crust crumples because of the collision and forms a fold mountain where volcanoes can occur.

Question 16

What happened in Montserrat when a volcano erupted?

Answer 16

It was after an unexpected span of small eruptions it had a massive eruption in 1997 because of its volcanic arc which developed a destructive plate margin. At that specific plate margin the Atlantic plate was subducting under the Caribbean plate causing magma to rise to the surface and cause Montserrat to erupt.

Question 17

What are some of the effects of this eruption?

Answer 17

Montserrat was uninhabitable, poor infrastructure, 19 dead, lack of tourism, ash caused lung disease.

Question 18

What causes a tsunami?

Answer 18

The tsunami will form on a plate boundary. One plate in the ocean will subduct under another. An earthquake is triggered in nearby city’s and country’s and the tsunami begins to follow the earthquakes path.

Question 19

Why does a tsunami wave get bigger as it gets nearer the shore?

Answer 19

The wave travels fast in the deep water but as it gets shallower it gets slower because of friction and taller because the back of the wave catches onto the front because of its speed and it goes towards shore and the wave eventually breaks.

Question 20

How are volcanoes caused in destructive plate margins?

Answer 20

The trapped sea water turns into steam as the sub ducting plate melts into the magma and this raises the Cilicia levels. This means that when magma rises in the volcano and is blocked by a vent but because if the build up of pressure below the vent it blows off and the lava from the volcano explodes out.

Question 21

How are earthquakes caused from constructive plate margins?

Answer 21

When the magma is connecting in the mantle it can solidify causing a sudden halt in the movement of the plates going in opposite directions causing an earthquake because of its release of energy.

Question 22

What caused the earthquake in chile?

Answer 22

At a destructive plate margin the NASCA plate was sub ducting under the South American plate building pressure and eventually slipped under shifting the South American plate upwards casing a rift and causing an earthquake to happen.

Question 23

What were the effects of the earthquake in chile?

Answer 23

Up to 500 killed, up to 12000 injured, some building stood and fell, power and water were cut temporarily.

Question 24

How was chile prepared for this earthquake and how did they protect themselves when it happened?

Answer 24

Buildings were reinforced with concrete colours, government made a plan of what to do in the situation, earthquake drills were practiced frequently by cilvillians, they followed the procedure drop cover hold

Question 25

Responses?

Answer 25

Evacuation zones, charities set up in aid, highways reopened temporarily, housing reconstruction plan was launched, ten days after the earthquake power and water were reinstated in many homes, chile had a strong ecomomy and good income meaning repairs and reconstruction weren’t a big problem.

Question 26

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 26

The interactions between plants and the the environment in the rainforest around them and how they help each other live.

Question 27

What adaptations to some plants have to deal with abundance of water?

Answer 27

Drop tip leaves

Question 28

What adaptations does some vegatation have to get more light?

Answer 28

Dark leaves (black absorbs light), epiphytes help reach light quick and more chance of reaching light, liana vines can grow around a tree to get to the top like vines and reach sunlight easier. Emergent trees also have the adaptation to grow very tall to reach big heights to gain more light.

Question 29

How can vegetation adapt to make sure they get a sufficient amount of nutrients?

Answer 29

Drop tip leaves get rid of excess water so photosynthesis can occur and they can produce nutrients for themselves, epiphytes are also non parasitic meaning they can collect nutrients from the atmosphere and from pools of water where dead organic material is decomposed, buttress roots have very shallow root systems as it can help capture sufficient nutrients, emergent trees are also sufficient for nutrient capture as (because they are so tall) they get the right intake of sunlight and rainwater resulting in photo synthesis being successful.

Question 30

What happens before deforestation?

Answer 30

Where water and moisture rise through the roots of vegatation And rise into the atmosphere. Because of ugh amounts of precipitation the water runs off the surface and causes river levels to rise. When the sun comes out it evaporates some of the water in the river and causes clouds to form again which are full of rainwater making the cycle repeat itself over and over again.

Question 31

What are the short term effects that occur just after deforestation?

Answer 31

The water has deforested the majority of trees because it wears down the trees and eventually they fall, rainfall, decreases but flooding is causes as trees can no longer intercept flow of rainwater and water can’t be absorbed by soil meaning the river will flood, sediment is caught in the rainwater flow so it goes into the river.

Question 32

What are the effects that occur a long time after deforestation?

Answer 32

Majority of life has died has rainwater has evaporated and their is low transpiration, low transpiration is the reason why sunshine is more frequent whereas before deforestation their was more transpiration meaning their was more vegatation, sediment lies at the bottom of the river and river levels are now low.

Question 33

What are the three stages of this cycle called in geographical terms?

Answer 33

Deforestation, degradation, desertification.

Question 34

What are the 5 main resources humans get from the rainforest?

Answer 34

Bauxite, coco, rattan, Bio fuels, palm oil

Question 35

What are the reasons some people cut down trees?

Answer 35

Debt, poverty, demand for resources, economic development

Question 36

What are examples of this?

Answer 36

Economic development, forests make way for cities, dams and roads, demand for rescources, iron mining, timber, poverty, people burn forests down and create farms to make a living, debt - cattle ranching and timber and cash crop export

Question 37

How are humans causing problems for themselves and the environment by cutting down trees?

Answer 37

They can kill the organisms living in the forest, destroy some of the recourses in the rainforest because they are killing the interactions within their ecosystems which help keep them alive.

Question 38

How can deforestation be prevented and extracting resources be useful?

Answer 38

People who deforest can be made aware of what they are doing to the rainforest, agroforestry helps crops grow fast, new trees are planted when they are cut down, monotroung is used through satellite photography to make sure no one attempts to cut down trees, rubber tapping can be used to extract key recourses and doesn’t harm the trees, sustainable logging is producing timber that doesn’t harm the rainforest, ecotourism making the environment look nice and causes as little hair, as possible, medical research is being used to see if anything being extracted from trees can be useful to its cause, cattle ranching where their is a demand for dead cattle in the world like beef