Paper 2: UK's Human Environment - Topic 5 Flashcards
What is Population Density and Population Crowding?
Population Density is how many people live in an area, while population sparcity is how few people live in an area.
Populatin density is the opposite to population sparcity.
Describe the distribution of people in the UK.
In General, the distribution of people in the UK is mainly based around the countries bigger/major cities (meaning Southern areas are denser than in the north). This is because the cities are where people work, and as a result, people will live in the suburbs of these cities, as it makes for an easier commute. A good example of this is London, with the centre having 5000-13000 people per 5km^2 (pp5km^2). Coincidently, more rural areas, like in the North, will have a farmore sparce population, proving that the UK’s distribution is in fact based around more South-Eastern cities. On the other hand, Northern cities such as Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland area two anomalies to such a trend.
What is a ‘Core Region’ in the UK (Definition)
A core region is usually an urban area (like a town or city) that is able to drive the economy. For example, London alone produces 22% of the UK’s annual GDP with just 13% of it’s population. Examples of core regions in the UK are Lodnon, Birmingham, and Manchester.
Explain why population density is higher in the urban core?
Population density is higher in the urban core, as many young adultsand single people will be working in their city’s centre. Areas of offices and places of dense populations can offer many jobs and have lots of service and retail opportunities to make money, providing better qualitu of life in the area.
What is meant by Core Regions of the UK and where they can be found?
The urban areas - account for only 7% of the area of the UK. That means 93% of the UK is not urban, and not crowded!
But urban areas are really important – it’s the UK’s towns and cities that drive the economy. London alone produces 22% of the UK’s annual GDP with just 13% of its population. Urban areas like this are known as the core regions of the UK.
Explain why some rural areas of the UK have high levels of poverty?
Some rural areas in the UK have high levels of pverty, as the lack of higher paying jobs will lead to lower tax levels, resulting in less development in the infrastructure. As a result, less will be invested into schools, internet, roads, and e.c.t.
Urban Core:
- Population Density
- Age Structure
- Economic Activity
- Settlements
Population Density:
- High and staying high
- Over 200 people per km^2
Age Structure:
- Many young adults
- Many single people
Economic Activity:
- Retailing, large shops
- Offices and cooperate headquarters
- Many jobs – shops, office, factories Cultural entre – library, museum, theatre
Settlements:
- Metropolis, conurbation, city, large town
- Mix of low and high rise buildings Property often more expensive
Rural Areas:
- Population Density
- Age Structure
- Economic Activity
- Settlements
Population Density:
- Low but increasing
- 1-100 people per km^2
Age Structure:
- Many older people
- lSome single people
Economic Activity: -Farming, fishing forestry, mining Working form home – IT industry -Tourism -Renewable energies
Settlements:
- Market towns, villages and isolated farms
- Low-rise buildings
- Properly generally cheaper
How does creating enterprise zones reduce differences in wealth?
- The UK government has created 55 enterprise zones across England, Scotland, and Wales
- The offer companie a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones, including: reduced taxes, simpler planning rules, and improved infrastructure (e.g superfast broadband)
- These measures can be used to encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs, and income which could help poorer rural areas to develop
- For example, the new Dorset Green Enterprise Zone already has teo new high-tech engineering companies a d hopes to attract 55 more businesses, creating 2000 new jobs in the region
How does transport reduce differences in wealth?
- The UK government plans to link London, Birmingham, Leeds, and Manchester, with a new high speed rail line, HS2. This will increase capacity and allow faster journeys into major cities -promoting industry and jobs in poorer rural areas in the north of England.
- On a local scale, Lancashire county council has built a new road to link the port of Heysham in Lancashire to the M6. This will encourage businesses to investby reducing travel times and easing congestion, creating more job opportunities for people in tne surrounding rural areas
How does regional development zones reduce differences in wealth?
- The EU has used the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to promote growth in poorer rural areas by investing in small high-tech businesses, providing training to improve local people’s skills and funding infrastructure, e.g high speed broadband to attract businesses. For example, the EU funded superfast broadband in Cornwall. This attracts digital businesses, such as Gravitas and links regeneration projects and new research and development centres in the region. This is creating skilled jobs in the area, attracting young graduates and boosting the local economy.
- The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is an EU initiative to make sure EU farmers earn a living from farming. It includes training for farmers and assistance for young farmers starting up as well as subsidies for rural diversification projects.
- In 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU, which means future regional development plans are uncertain.
How are the Government Reducing Regional disparities
- Shows areas that qualify for assistance from the government and the EU. E.g. NW Scotland, faces isolation and lack of jobs as they are largely rural.
- Other assisted areas are urban e.g. south Wales – following decline of coal and steel – left a legacy of unemployment and poverty.
- The EU’s regional development fund supports UK regions by economic regeneration, improved infrastructure and safeguarding jobs. Cornwall get ERDF as GDP is 75% EU average.
- The government also invest in transport e.g. improvements to rail routes linking Manchester with Sheffield
Who and How Many people are leading to the UK’s population growth
- Roughly half the UK’s population growth is driven by natural increase (more births than deaths), and about half by migration
- Between 1970 and 1982, more people left the UK than moved to the UK. There has been a constant flow of British people leaving the UK since 1970 - mostly to Australia, the USA, France, and Spain
- Overall, since 1983, more people have moved to the UK than have left and the net migration has generally been increasing - net migration has more than doubled in the last 10 years
- National and international migration affect the distribution and age strutures of the population as well
How is Migration affecting the Distribution of people in the UK
- Young national migrants and most international migrants move to major cities - this is where most jobs are and where universities are located. The most popular destinations for international migrants are London and the West Midlands
- There has been lots of counter-urbanisation as wealthy people move out of cities to seek a better quality of life in rural areas - the London region hasthe highest number of people leaving
- Many older people move to coastal areas in the east and south westof England when they retire
How is Migration affecting the Age Structure of people in the UK
- The large number of young migrants (20-29) increases the population in this age group
- Migration also affects the age structure of the UK by increasing the birth rate, because many migrants are of child-bearing age. Immigrants make up about 13% of the UK population, but account for 27% of babies born.
How has the UK Immigration Policy increased Diversity since the 2nd World War
- After the second world war, the UK encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries, e.g the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan, to fill skills shortages in the UK workforce
- Later, entry was restricted but work permits for migrants with desirable skills, e.g, IT were made avaliable - many highly skilled Indians and Pakistanis still come to the UK.
- This has meant that the UK has a high proportion of people of Caribbean and Asian ethnicity - nearly 10%. This is much higher in some regions, e.g, 29% of the population of Leicester are of Indian heritage.
- Since 1995 the EU has allowed free movement of people within member countries to find work - this increased the number of people migrating to the UK from Europe, e.g from Germany
- In 2004 eight new countries joined the EU. Lots of people moved from these countries, e.g catering and agriculture
- Between 2001 and 2011, the proportion of non-British white people increased more than any ethnic group - Polish people are now one of the largest non-UK born group
- International immigration has increased cultural diversity - immigrants introduce languages, food, arts, festivals and fashions from their own culture giving the UK a rich mix
Compare the changing employment figures for the 3/4 different sectors in the UK
- Since 1960 jobs in primary industries have decreased. Farming has become more mechanised so fewer people are needed. The mining industry also declined due to competition from abroad and cheaper alternative fuels
- Jobs in secondary industries have also decreased - people employed in manufacturing fell from 36%of the workforce in 1961 to just 9% in 2011. This was partly a result of global shift
- Employment in the service sector (e.g retail, banking, healthcare, and education) has increased. Retail is the UK’s largest sector employing 2.9 million - people have more disposable income to spend. Finance is also an important part of the secondary - the City of London is home to many global financial institutions
- Quaternary industries, e.g IT and research and development (R&D) are increasing, making use of the UK’s skilled university graduates. In 2013, nearly £30 billion was spent on R&D in the UK.
How and Why has the Secondary Industry declined in Burnley, and how it’s affected Burnley
- Burnley is a town Lancashire, about 20 miles north of Manchester
- In the early 20th Century Burnley had a thriving economy based on textiles - it was one of the world’s leading cotton weaving town
- Form 1914, the textiles industry in the UK began to collapse - partly due to cheap imports. The last cotton in the 1980s
- Other primary and secondary industries also struggled. Several major factories closed in the 1980’s and early 2000s with the loss of hundreds of jobs.
- Burnley has struggled to recover economically. The employment rate is only about 65% and wages are well below the UK average - low-skilled service sector jobs don’t pay well. There is very little population growth - with few jobs on offer, people are more likely to leave than to move there
- The manufacture skills existing in the area and the low costs of operating there have begun to attract aerospace engineering firms - meaning the area is still largely dependant on maufacturing industries for employment
How has Transport helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
South England has a network of motorways (M25), and many railways, along with 4 major airports (Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Stanstead) which give excellent access to other countries. In 2013, 72% of UK freight was carried on roads in the South East which is made easier through having ports such as Southampton and Tilbury which allow for the movement of heavy bulky goods.
How has the Geographical Position helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
The rail and road networks centre on, and radiate out from London. The region is close to the Channel Tunnel, giving access to Europe for more easily.
How have Government Positions helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
The South East is where the decision-making centre of London (national government and corporate headquarters), the Houses of Parliament. Also, previous governments encouraged firms to leave London and relocate in the South East, at places such as Basildon and Newbury.
How have Markets helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
Many industries are close to the M4 and railways, while there are lots of workers in the area. This along with the fact universities for experitise and research (specialised in more tertiary sectors) will attract more tertiary businesses. (Lots of highly skilled young workers attract certain companies).
How have Labour and Skills helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
As the wealthiest UK regions, it provides a large market of 19 million people for goods and services. There is also a skilled local labour force (Oxbridge and London Universities).
How and Why are Tertiary and Quaternary Sectors Growing in South Wales
- For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the economy of South Wales was basedon coal mining and ironmaking. In the 20th century, coal mining and iron working in South Wales declined due to overseas competition. Unemployment levels were high, and many peolpe lived in poverty.
- In 1992, the different parts of the region started to work together more to achieve economic growth. They aimed to improve transport networks, attract businesses, increase skills, amd draw visitors to the area.
- Costs are lower than London and the south east, making it easier to start up new businesses. Universities (in Swansea and Cardiff) supply a skilled labour force
- This has helped to attract private investors in high-tech industries - South Wales is now home to lots of new digital and media companies in a thriving economic region.
- As wealth increases, people now have more money to spend on services, creating more jobs in these industries.
What is FDI, what forms does it take, is it increasing in the UK, and where does the Investment come from?
- FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country. FDI can take two forms:
- Companies that can buy land or buildings and locate their factory or office there.
- Companies can buy all or part of an already existing business.
- FDI has been increasing in the UK - it rose from £726 billion in 2010 to £1,065 billion in 2014.
- Most of this investment comes from transnational corporations (TNCs)
What is Globalisation?
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
What are The three key elements to a global economy?
- Networks - linking countries, e.g. through the internet or trade blocs
- Flows - goods and services moving through networks, e.g. raw materials, products, money, migrants
- Global Players - organisations with a big influence on global economy, e.g. TNCs such as the World Trade Organisation
How is FDI increasing because of Globalisation?
Globalisation is increasing FDI because:
- Transport and communications links have improved making it easier for companies to operate in the UK.
- London has developed as a global financial centre - many foreign banks, e.g the German Deutsche Bank, have located here because of the business culture and networking opportunities.
How is FDI increasing because of Free Trade?
- Free trade policies reducd import and export restrictions, making it easier for countries to trade.
- Free trade is promoted between member countries of the EU. This increases FDI from the EU because companies can move goods and services freely between the UK and their home country.
- Free trade agreements with other countries can attract investors to the UK who want access to the European market and often include special agreements for investment as part of the deal.
- Since the UK voted to leave the EU, the future of free trade policies in the UK is uncertain.
How is FDI increasing because of Privatisation?
Services that were previously run by the UK government have been offered to private firms. This has increased FDI because of foreign firms can buy them or merge them with their existing businesses.
For example, many UK electricity boards are now owned by foreign companies - Scottish Power is owned by the Spanish energy company, Iderdrola.
How is the UK’s Economy positively affected by TNCs
- Jobs are created, e.g the US firm Grand Heritage Hotel Group is investing in a new resort in Derbyshire creating 1000 jobs.
- Large-scale projects can be built that the UK government can’t afford to pay for, e.g £15 billion has been invested in UK infrastructure, such as offshore wind turbines, sub-sea power cables, e.c.t.
- TNC’s often lead the way in developing new products, technology, and business practices which can be used by other firms to increase productivity
- Once just one large TNC has set up good infrastructure in a certain area (like installing high speed internet and good transport links for example), more TNC’s will be attracted to that area as the infrastructure has already been built up for them. This creates a positive multiplier affect.
How is the UK’s Economy negatively affected by TNCs
- It can lead to over-reliance on TNCs - if there’s a problem elsewhere in the world, the UK economy is affected, e.g the world economic recession led to redunancies at the Nissan factory in Sunderland in 2009.
- There are big effects if TNCs choose to relocate or change suppliers, e.g many UK farmers are dependant on just one or two large TNCs who buy their produce
- Local businesses struggle to compete against TNCs, e.g in some towns the arrival of the coffee chain Starbucks has forced independant coffee shops to close down.
What is the Site of a Place?
The Site is the location or land on which a place is built.
What is the Situation of a Place
The Situation is the location of a place in relation to other places, i.e. for London - its location
within the UK.
What makes up London’s Site and Situation
- London is sited on the flat floodplain of the River Thames where it meets the sea.
- It is the UK’s capital city and is an essential part of the UK’s economy. Over 20% of the UK’s income comes from London
- It is the centre of the UK’s transport system. It was a major port until 1981 and still has shipping links. There are two major international airports (Heathrow and Gatwick) plus three smaller airports (London City Airport, Luton, and Stansted). There is easy access to mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel
- It has a major influence on its surrounding area. Companies are attracted to the region by the proximity to London, which increases jobs and wealth. The South East and East of England are the two biggest regional economies in the UK outside of London.
- London’s important globally too - it’s a world city, and along with New York, one of the most important financial centres in the world. There are more foreign banks in London than anywhere else.
How is London well connected Nationally?
The UK’s fastest rail services link London and major UK cities. Manchester and Birmingham each have three fast services an hour. Future travel times will be quicker still, with HS2. However, these timings will distort the UK and make it feell smaller as it’s auicker to get around. While urban core regions are brough closer to London, peripheral areas seem a lot farther away.
How is London well connected Internationally?
London has the world’s second biggest international airport at Heathrow. But add together international passengers at all its airports and it is by far the world’s largest intrnational air ‘hub’. Eurostar also brings European major cities within a few hours travel from London.
Points On The Economic Significance And The Impact of London’s Situation and Connectivity
- London is home to some of the world’s top universities, such as Imperial College London, University College London and King’s College London.
- It’s a city where businesses thrive; around 40% of the world’s foreign equities are traded here, this figure is larger than that of New York. It is also in a major time-zone advantage for doing business with Asia.
- It’s home to massive global brands in ‘the City’ such as Morgan Stanley and KPMG, which are based in the financial district of Canary Wharf
- The renowned Harley Street in London is home to some of the world’s most advanced radiology equipment.
- It accounts for over a fifth of the Gross Value added of the UK London generates 22% of the UKs GDP
- It has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1billion in 2011
Points On The Political Significance And The Impact of London’s Situation and Connectivity
- London is the political centre of the UK, as the Houses of Parliament are located there, making the city the political hub of the UK
Points On The Social Significance And The Impact of London’s Situation and Connectivity
- Around 300 different languages are spoken in London and there are at least 14 different faiths practiced here endless venues for entertainment; approximately 300 theatres, 12,000 restaurants, 500 cinema screens and also 240 museums and galleries including the ‘west end’ theatres
- London’s where several major airports including Heathrow, Gatwick, City and London Stansted Heathrow carried 69.4 million passengers in 2011, more than all the other airports put together. It connects to cities all over the world. Heathrow is the second busiest international airport in the world
- The cities population swells by 1.3 million every day because of people going to London to work and from tourism
- One third of Londoners were born abroad…the top 3 countries are India, Poland and Bangladesh
Points On The Environment Significance And The Impact of London’s Situation and Connectivity
- Approximately 40% of the city is green space, making London the greenest city of its size in the world.
What is the Burgess Model and What is it made up of?
(The Burgess Model (concentric ring model) shows land use patterns.)
The model was based on 1920’s Chicago where Burgess noted that the different land uses were in a ring pattern.
Each ring of the model performed a function for the city and these changed with the increasing distance from the city centre.
- Central Business District
- Inner City
- Surburbs (Inner and Outer)
- Urban-Rural Fringe
As you travel into the town or city, how do the following change?
- Density of housing
- Age of housing
- Amount of green space
- Height of building
- Price of land
- Land use
- Function
- Type of housing
- The density of hosuing increases
- The age of buildings generally increases (however, you can find some modern, new buildings in the city centre, such as offices)
- There is less and less green space
- The height of buildings increases
- The price of land generally increases
- The land use goes from housing, shops and restaurants to more office and business based buildings
- The function of the area generally becomes more and more business based
- The housing tends to get small and smaller, and taller and taller, as it goes from more middle class housing to more working class housing
The Central Business District: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g City of London)
Function:
- It is the main area of business
- There are many commercial buildings and lots of office space
- London’s radial roads means that it’s the most accessible area, from all parts of London.
Building Age Variation:
- This is often the oldest part of the city. It is the place where most offices are found
- In saying this the CBD will also hold some of the newest modern buildings too
Building Density:
- It’s the most densely built part of the city
- It’s mostly made up of many high rise buildings all packed together
Land Use:
-Most offices and political buildings are found here (e.g House of Parliament)
Environmental Quality:
-London has a number of Royal Parks (Hyde and St James) but also has the worst air quality caused by traffic.
The Inner City: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g Newham or Chelsea)
Function:
- Used to have must of the old manufacturing industry but much of it has closed down.
- Traditionally it provided cheap terraced housing for factory workers.
- Nowadays it’s been turned into dense flats and houses
Building Age Variation:
- In Chelsea, for example, 80% of the houses were built before 1919
- Other areas like Newham have 1960’s-70’s high rise buildings
Building Density:
- The building density is quite high (but slightly lower than the CBD)
- The houses were small and streets were laid out in a grid pattern with littler or not green space.
Land Use:
- The inner cities are now changing and becoming more popular with young adults as they are close to the city centre.
- There is lots of worker’s housing in some areas as well
- It can include terraced hosuing and more modern apartment buildings too
Environmental Quality:
-Environmental quality it this area varys as some parts are still relatively run down (Hackney) while others are being improved by residence (Notting Hill)
The Suburbs: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g Kingston Upon Thames)
Function:
- The suburbs are more expensive places to live and popular with families due the houses being larger (semi- detached or detached).
- It serves as middle class residential housing
Building Age Variation:
- Many of these properties were built in the early 1900s.
- Good quality 20th century housing
Building Density:
- Buildings are less high rise and most houses have gardens
- Density is around medium to high in these areas.
Land Use:
- Shops and restaurants can be found in these areas
- It’s mainly made up of middle class residential housing
Environmental Quality:
- There are more open spaces in these areas so the environmental quality is improved.
- The houses often have good gardens
The Rural-Urban Fringe: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g, Thurrock)
Function:
- This is where the city meets the country side.
- There is some industry – often seen towards the edge of town but it is mainly residential.
Building Age Variation:
-Most houses were built in the late 20th century.
Building Density:
-Building density is low
Land Use:
-Much of land is for Middle Class larger housing for slightly more wealthy people
Environmental Quality:
- Almost every house has a garden
- Due to the open space, environmental quality if often higher.
Why is London such a popular destination for migrants?
London is a popular destination for migrants, as there are good opportunities there for both skilled and unskilled workers. This allows many people to be able to travel to London, get a job (as long as it fits their skill level), and afford a home. This is shown by the fact that there was a net migration of 100,000 in 2014 and 200,000 in 2018.
Why is migration an economic necessity for London’s economy?
Migration is an economic neccesstity because there are many different people coming in and working many different jobs. This beings value and money into the area and the companies that work there, while some migrants will fill job positions that the British public may not want to do.
Compare the location of Asian Indian and black Caribbean ethnicities in London.
-Consider London’s CBD, Inner City, Inner and Outer Suburbs, north, south, east, west and particular Boroughs as well as clustering
Overall, the most dominant nation in terms of foreign born populations in each borough is India, as this is the most dominant nation in 10 boroughs, however they are always found in the inner and outer suburbs, mainly in the east (and some in the South-East and the East)
On the other hand, you find more Carribean nationals in the south of the inner city, possibly suggesting that these people are a little poorer than the Indians who are able to afford larger housing in the suburbs.
Why do migrants of similar ethnicities generally migrate into the same location?
Migrants of similar ethnicity migrate to the same location as it’s easier for them if they live and settle into an area where they have people of the same ethnicity. Another reason can be that people may be travelling over to live/reunited with families who have already migrated previously.
Other reasons can include:
- To help defend against discrimination
- To support ethnic shops and services (banks, places of worship, e.c.t)
- To help preserve cultural distinctiveness. Some areas have developed cultural festivals, e.g Notting Hill Carnival.
What is Newham’s Ethnicity, Income, Housing, Services, and Culture Situation
Ethnicity:
One of London’s most diverse boroughs - 30% white, 26% black Carribean and African, 39% Asian (maknly India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).
Income:
Low-income area
Housing:
Mostly rented. 32% own their property, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing.
Services:
Schools under pressure caused by high birth rate. Pressure on social services with 38% of children living in poverty.
Culture:
Mainly Asian with several temples, mosques, and African Anglican churches. Mainly Asian food shops and small businesses.
What is Lambeth’s Ethnicity, Income, Housing, Services, and Culture Situation
Ethnicity:
Diverse (38% born outside UK from 152 countries). Black 25%, white 55%, small Asian population (8%)
Income:
Average income area
Housing:
44% own their own property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing.
Services:
81% of children in schools from ethnic backgrounds. 140 languages spoken in Lambeth schools; English is a second language for half of school students
Culture:
Varies, from black Caribbean culture (Caribbean food market stalls and restaurants in Brixton) to white middle class.
What is Richmond upon Thames’s Ethnicity, Income, Housing, Services, and Culture Situation
Ethnicity:
One of the least diverse boroughs in London - 85% white, 7% Asian or Asian British. But many residents born overseas - USA, EU
Income:
Very high income area - 69% have professional or managerial occupations. Average income £41,000 - almost double the UK average
Housing:
Stable area when affluent people buy expensive property. 69% own their own property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing.
Services:
Less pressure on schools with fewer children, but has higher than average percentage in care homes.
Culture:
Predominantly white middle class
Newham’s:
- Largest age group
- Male-female balance
- Birth rate
- Proportions of elderly (above 65)
Age Group:
The largest age range is 25-30
Male-Female Balance:
Newham is heavily male dominated, especially in the age bracket of 20-24
Birth Rate:
Newham has a slightly higher birth rate as there are more young children
Proportions of the Elderly (65+):
Newham has a low elderly population that are 65+
Lambeth:
- Largest age group
- Male-female balance
- Birth rate
- Proportions of elderly (above 65)
Age Group:
The largest age group is around 25 (20-30)
Male-Female Balance:
Lambeth’s gender balance is fairly even throughout most of the age brackets
Birth Rate:
The birth rate in Lambeth is a bit lower than in other areas
Proportions of the Elderly (65+):
Lambeth has a slightly higher elderly population (compared to Newham)
Richmond upon Thames:
- Largest age group
- Male-female balance
- Birth rate
- Proportions of elderly (above 65)
Age Group:
The largest age bracket is the 35-40 age
Male-Female Balance:
Richmond’s gender balance is fairly even, while there are slightly more older women than older men
Birth Rate:
The birth rate in Richmond is slightly behind Newham, and is around medium comapred to the two other areas
Proportions of the Elderly (65+):
Richmond has a very high elderly population, while there are a significant number of female over 90 especially
How Does Migration Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
There is now a high percentage of people aged 25-34 in inner city London, and a lower population of people over 65. Most immigrants are of working age
How Does Ethnicity Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
Ethnic diversity is higher in inner city areas, e.g 52% of people are foreign born in Newham, compared to 29% in Kingston upon Thames, but its increasing rapidly in some suburbs, e.g Bexley
How Does Population Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
Population growth rates in inner city areas because of high immigration rates and because many migrants are of child-bearing age (so birth rates are higher).
How Does Housing Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
The high rate of immigration is leading to overcrowding. Poorer immigrants often live in older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in the inner city, which are more affordable.
How Does Services Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
In inner city areas where immigration rates are high, there is an increasing demand for services such as education and health care (e.g for school paces and maternity care). However, these areas are often amongst the poorest parts of the city, so it’s difficult to provide what’s needed.
How Does Culture Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
London is very culturally diverse, with more than 200 languages spoken. Many immigrants choose to settle near people with the same ethnic background, giving the area a distinct ethnic character, e.g Chinatown. Lots of food, music, and goods from that culture can be found there.
Inequality Definition
Inequality is focused on the difference between the advantaged and disadvantaged. This can include differences in income, services, or experiencing extreme difficulties
Deprivation Definition
Deprivation is having a lack pr being depeived of something. Deprivation can be measured through IMD data (Index Multiple Deprivation)
(Deprivation is the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.)
Newham’s Education Data
- 38% of students aged 16 did get their GCSE’s A* - C in 2012
- 20% of 5-16 year olds have free school meals
- 26% of adults educated to degree level
Richmond’s Education Data
- 37% of students aged 16 did get their GCSE’s A* - C in 2012
- 8.4% of 5-16 year olds have free school meals
- 64% of adults educated to degree level
Reasons for Education Inequality in Newham and Richmond
Many of the best state schools are in wealthy areas. Therefore wealthy parents send their children there. Wealthy parents living in wealthy areas with schools that aren’t as good are able to send their children to private schools, meaning children from lower income families end up going to underperforming state schools. From there they may not get the best qualifications and which could lead to less job opportunity and a lower income.
Newham’s Income/Employment Data
- It’s a lower income area
- 12.6% of people here are unemployed
- The average income is £28,780, the same as the UK national average, but it is more expensive to live in London than other parts of the UK
