Paper 2: UK's Human Environment - Topic 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Population Density and Population Crowding?
A
Population Density is how many people live in an area, while population sparcity is how few people live in an area.
Populatin density is the opposite to population sparcity.
2
Q
Describe the distribution of people in the UK.
A
In General, the distribution of people in the UK is mainly based around the countries bigger/major cities (meaning Southern areas are denser than in the north). This is because the cities are where people work, and as a result, people will live in the suburbs of these cities, as it makes for an easier commute. A good example of this is London, with the centre having 5000-13000 people per 5km^2 (pp5km^2). Coincidently, more rural areas, like in the North, will have a farmore sparce population, proving that the UK’s distribution is in fact based around more South-Eastern cities. On the other hand, Northern cities such as Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland area two anomalies to such a trend.
3
Q
What is a ‘Core Region’ in the UK (Definition)
A
A core region is usually an urban area (like a town or city) that is able to drive the economy. For example, London alone produces 22% of the UK’s annual GDP with just 13% of it’s population. Examples of core regions in the UK are Lodnon, Birmingham, and Manchester.
4
Q
Explain why population density is higher in the urban core?
A
Population density is higher in the urban core, as many young adultsand single people will be working in their city’s centre. Areas of offices and places of dense populations can offer many jobs and have lots of service and retail opportunities to make money, providing better qualitu of life in the area.
5
Q
What is meant by Core Regions of the UK and where they can be found?
A
The urban areas - account for only 7% of the area of the UK. That means 93% of the UK is not urban, and not crowded!
But urban areas are really important – it’s the UK’s towns and cities that drive the economy. London alone produces 22% of the UK’s annual GDP with just 13% of its population. Urban areas like this are known as the core regions of the UK.
6
Q
Explain why some rural areas of the UK have high levels of poverty?
A
Some rural areas in the UK have high levels of pverty, as the lack of higher paying jobs will lead to lower tax levels, resulting in less development in the infrastructure. As a result, less will be invested into schools, internet, roads, and e.c.t.
7
Q
Urban Core:
- Population Density
- Age Structure
- Economic Activity
- Settlements
A
Population Density:
- High and staying high
- Over 200 people per km^2
Age Structure:
- Many young adults
- Many single people
Economic Activity:
- Retailing, large shops
- Offices and cooperate headquarters
- Many jobs – shops, office, factories Cultural entre – library, museum, theatre
Settlements:
- Metropolis, conurbation, city, large town
- Mix of low and high rise buildings Property often more expensive
8
Q
Rural Areas:
- Population Density
- Age Structure
- Economic Activity
- Settlements
A
Population Density:
- Low but increasing
- 1-100 people per km^2
Age Structure:
- Many older people
- lSome single people
Economic Activity: -Farming, fishing forestry, mining Working form home – IT industry -Tourism -Renewable energies
Settlements:
- Market towns, villages and isolated farms
- Low-rise buildings
- Properly generally cheaper
9
Q
How does creating enterprise zones reduce differences in wealth?
A
- The UK government has created 55 enterprise zones across England, Scotland, and Wales
- The offer companie a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones, including: reduced taxes, simpler planning rules, and improved infrastructure (e.g superfast broadband)
- These measures can be used to encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs, and income which could help poorer rural areas to develop
- For example, the new Dorset Green Enterprise Zone already has teo new high-tech engineering companies a d hopes to attract 55 more businesses, creating 2000 new jobs in the region
10
Q
How does transport reduce differences in wealth?
A
- The UK government plans to link London, Birmingham, Leeds, and Manchester, with a new high speed rail line, HS2. This will increase capacity and allow faster journeys into major cities -promoting industry and jobs in poorer rural areas in the north of England.
- On a local scale, Lancashire county council has built a new road to link the port of Heysham in Lancashire to the M6. This will encourage businesses to investby reducing travel times and easing congestion, creating more job opportunities for people in tne surrounding rural areas
11
Q
How does regional development zones reduce differences in wealth?
A
- The EU has used the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to promote growth in poorer rural areas by investing in small high-tech businesses, providing training to improve local people’s skills and funding infrastructure, e.g high speed broadband to attract businesses. For example, the EU funded superfast broadband in Cornwall. This attracts digital businesses, such as Gravitas and links regeneration projects and new research and development centres in the region. This is creating skilled jobs in the area, attracting young graduates and boosting the local economy.
- The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is an EU initiative to make sure EU farmers earn a living from farming. It includes training for farmers and assistance for young farmers starting up as well as subsidies for rural diversification projects.
- In 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU, which means future regional development plans are uncertain.
12
Q
How are the Government Reducing Regional disparities
A
- Shows areas that qualify for assistance from the government and the EU. E.g. NW Scotland, faces isolation and lack of jobs as they are largely rural.
- Other assisted areas are urban e.g. south Wales – following decline of coal and steel – left a legacy of unemployment and poverty.
- The EU’s regional development fund supports UK regions by economic regeneration, improved infrastructure and safeguarding jobs. Cornwall get ERDF as GDP is 75% EU average.
- The government also invest in transport e.g. improvements to rail routes linking Manchester with Sheffield
13
Q
Who and How Many people are leading to the UK’s population growth
A
- Roughly half the UK’s population growth is driven by natural increase (more births than deaths), and about half by migration
- Between 1970 and 1982, more people left the UK than moved to the UK. There has been a constant flow of British people leaving the UK since 1970 - mostly to Australia, the USA, France, and Spain
- Overall, since 1983, more people have moved to the UK than have left and the net migration has generally been increasing - net migration has more than doubled in the last 10 years
- National and international migration affect the distribution and age strutures of the population as well
14
Q
How is Migration affecting the Distribution of people in the UK
A
- Young national migrants and most international migrants move to major cities - this is where most jobs are and where universities are located. The most popular destinations for international migrants are London and the West Midlands
- There has been lots of counter-urbanisation as wealthy people move out of cities to seek a better quality of life in rural areas - the London region hasthe highest number of people leaving
- Many older people move to coastal areas in the east and south westof England when they retire
15
Q
How is Migration affecting the Age Structure of people in the UK
A
- The large number of young migrants (20-29) increases the population in this age group
- Migration also affects the age structure of the UK by increasing the birth rate, because many migrants are of child-bearing age. Immigrants make up about 13% of the UK population, but account for 27% of babies born.
16
Q
How has the UK Immigration Policy increased Diversity since the 2nd World War
A
- After the second world war, the UK encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries, e.g the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan, to fill skills shortages in the UK workforce
- Later, entry was restricted but work permits for migrants with desirable skills, e.g, IT were made avaliable - many highly skilled Indians and Pakistanis still come to the UK.
- This has meant that the UK has a high proportion of people of Caribbean and Asian ethnicity - nearly 10%. This is much higher in some regions, e.g, 29% of the population of Leicester are of Indian heritage.
- Since 1995 the EU has allowed free movement of people within member countries to find work - this increased the number of people migrating to the UK from Europe, e.g from Germany
- In 2004 eight new countries joined the EU. Lots of people moved from these countries, e.g catering and agriculture
- Between 2001 and 2011, the proportion of non-British white people increased more than any ethnic group - Polish people are now one of the largest non-UK born group
- International immigration has increased cultural diversity - immigrants introduce languages, food, arts, festivals and fashions from their own culture giving the UK a rich mix
17
Q
Compare the changing employment figures for the 3/4 different sectors in the UK
A
- Since 1960 jobs in primary industries have decreased. Farming has become more mechanised so fewer people are needed. The mining industry also declined due to competition from abroad and cheaper alternative fuels
- Jobs in secondary industries have also decreased - people employed in manufacturing fell from 36%of the workforce in 1961 to just 9% in 2011. This was partly a result of global shift
- Employment in the service sector (e.g retail, banking, healthcare, and education) has increased. Retail is the UK’s largest sector employing 2.9 million - people have more disposable income to spend. Finance is also an important part of the secondary - the City of London is home to many global financial institutions
- Quaternary industries, e.g IT and research and development (R&D) are increasing, making use of the UK’s skilled university graduates. In 2013, nearly £30 billion was spent on R&D in the UK.
18
Q
How and Why has the Secondary Industry declined in Burnley, and how it’s affected Burnley
A
- Burnley is a town Lancashire, about 20 miles north of Manchester
- In the early 20th Century Burnley had a thriving economy based on textiles - it was one of the world’s leading cotton weaving town
- Form 1914, the textiles industry in the UK began to collapse - partly due to cheap imports. The last cotton in the 1980s
- Other primary and secondary industries also struggled. Several major factories closed in the 1980’s and early 2000s with the loss of hundreds of jobs.
- Burnley has struggled to recover economically. The employment rate is only about 65% and wages are well below the UK average - low-skilled service sector jobs don’t pay well. There is very little population growth - with few jobs on offer, people are more likely to leave than to move there
- The manufacture skills existing in the area and the low costs of operating there have begun to attract aerospace engineering firms - meaning the area is still largely dependant on maufacturing industries for employment
19
Q
How has Transport helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
A
South England has a network of motorways (M25), and many railways, along with 4 major airports (Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Stanstead) which give excellent access to other countries. In 2013, 72% of UK freight was carried on roads in the South East which is made easier through having ports such as Southampton and Tilbury which allow for the movement of heavy bulky goods.
20
Q
How has the Geographical Position helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
A
The rail and road networks centre on, and radiate out from London. The region is close to the Channel Tunnel, giving access to Europe for more easily.
21
Q
How have Government Positions helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
A
The South East is where the decision-making centre of London (national government and corporate headquarters), the Houses of Parliament. Also, previous governments encouraged firms to leave London and relocate in the South East, at places such as Basildon and Newbury.
22
Q
How have Markets helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
A
Many industries are close to the M4 and railways, while there are lots of workers in the area. This along with the fact universities for experitise and research (specialised in more tertiary sectors) will attract more tertiary businesses. (Lots of highly skilled young workers attract certain companies).
23
Q
How have Labour and Skills helped the Tertiary and Quaternary rise in the South East
A
As the wealthiest UK regions, it provides a large market of 19 million people for goods and services. There is also a skilled local labour force (Oxbridge and London Universities).
24
Q
How and Why are Tertiary and Quaternary Sectors Growing in South Wales
A
- For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the economy of South Wales was basedon coal mining and ironmaking. In the 20th century, coal mining and iron working in South Wales declined due to overseas competition. Unemployment levels were high, and many peolpe lived in poverty.
- In 1992, the different parts of the region started to work together more to achieve economic growth. They aimed to improve transport networks, attract businesses, increase skills, amd draw visitors to the area.
- Costs are lower than London and the south east, making it easier to start up new businesses. Universities (in Swansea and Cardiff) supply a skilled labour force
- This has helped to attract private investors in high-tech industries - South Wales is now home to lots of new digital and media companies in a thriving economic region.
- As wealth increases, people now have more money to spend on services, creating more jobs in these industries.
25
What is FDI, what forms does it take, is it increasing in the UK, and where does the Investment come from?
1. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country. FDI can take two forms:
- Companies that can buy land or buildings and locate their factory or office there.
- Companies can buy all or part of an already existing business.
2. FDI has been increasing in the UK - it rose from £726 billion in 2010 to £1,065 billion in 2014.
3. Most of this investment comes from transnational corporations (TNCs)
26
What is Globalisation?
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
27
What are The three key elements to a global economy?
1. Networks - linking countries, e.g. through the internet or trade blocs
2. Flows - goods and services moving through networks, e.g. raw materials, products, money, migrants
3. Global Players - organisations with a big influence on global economy, e.g. TNCs such as the World Trade Organisation
28
How is FDI increasing because of Globalisation?
Globalisation is increasing FDI because:
1. Transport and communications links have improved making it easier for companies to operate in the UK.
2. London has developed as a global financial centre - many foreign banks, e.g the German Deutsche Bank, have located here because of the business culture and networking opportunities.
29
How is FDI increasing because of Free Trade?
1. Free trade policies reducd import and export restrictions, making it easier for countries to trade.
2. Free trade is promoted between member countries of the EU. This increases FDI from the EU because companies can move goods and services freely between the UK and their home country.
3. Free trade agreements with other countries can attract investors to the UK who want access to the European market and often include special agreements for investment as part of the deal.
4. Since the UK voted to leave the EU, the future of free trade policies in the UK is uncertain.
30
How is FDI increasing because of Privatisation?
Services that were previously run by the UK government have been offered to private firms. This has increased FDI because of foreign firms can buy them or merge them with their existing businesses.
For example, many UK electricity boards are now owned by foreign companies - Scottish Power is owned by the Spanish energy company, Iderdrola.
31
How is the UK's Economy positively affected by TNCs
1. Jobs are created, e.g the US firm Grand Heritage Hotel Group is investing in a new resort in Derbyshire creating 1000 jobs.
2. Large-scale projects can be built that the UK government can't afford to pay for, e.g £15 billion has been invested in UK infrastructure, such as offshore wind turbines, sub-sea power cables, e.c.t.
3. TNC's often lead the way in developing new products, technology, and business practices which can be used by other firms to increase productivity
4. Once just one large TNC has set up good infrastructure in a certain area (like installing high speed internet and good transport links for example), more TNC's will be attracted to that area as the infrastructure has already been built up for them. This creates a positive multiplier affect.
32
How is the UK's Economy negatively affected by TNCs
1. It can lead to over-reliance on TNCs - if there's a problem elsewhere in the world, the UK economy is affected, e.g the world economic recession led to redunancies at the Nissan factory in Sunderland in 2009.
2. There are big effects if TNCs choose to relocate or change suppliers, e.g many UK farmers are dependant on just one or two large TNCs who buy their produce
3. Local businesses struggle to compete against TNCs, e.g in some towns the arrival of the coffee chain Starbucks has forced independant coffee shops to close down.
33
What is the Site of a Place?
The Site is the location or land on which a place is built.
34
What is the Situation of a Place
The Situation is the location of a place in relation to other places, i.e. for London - its location
within the UK.
35
What makes up London's Site and Situation
- London is sited on the flat floodplain of the River Thames where it meets the sea.
- It is the UK's capital city and is an essential part of the UK's economy. Over 20% of the UK's income comes from London
- It is the centre of the UK's transport system. It was a major port until 1981 and still has shipping links. There are two major international airports (Heathrow and Gatwick) plus three smaller airports (London City Airport, Luton, and Stansted). There is easy access to mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel
- It has a major influence on its surrounding area. Companies are attracted to the region by the proximity to London, which increases jobs and wealth. The South East and East of England are the two biggest regional economies in the UK outside of London.
- London's important globally too - it's a world city, and along with New York, one of the most important financial centres in the world. There are more foreign banks in London than anywhere else.
36
How is London well connected Nationally?
The UK's fastest rail services link London and major UK cities. Manchester and Birmingham each have three fast services an hour. Future travel times will be quicker still, with HS2. However, these timings will distort the UK and make it feell smaller as it's auicker to get around. While urban core regions are brough closer to London, peripheral areas seem a lot farther away.
37
How is London well connected Internationally?
London has the world's second biggest international airport at Heathrow. But add together international passengers at all its airports and it is by far the world's largest intrnational air 'hub'. Eurostar also brings European major cities within a few hours travel from London.
38
Points On The Economic Significance And The Impact of London's Situation and Connectivity
- London is home to some of the world's top universities, such as Imperial College London, University College London and King’s College London.
- It's a city where businesses thrive; around 40% of the world's foreign equities are traded here, this figure is larger than that of New York. It is also in a major time-zone advantage for doing business with Asia.
- It's home to massive global brands in 'the City' such as Morgan Stanley and KPMG, which are based in the financial district of Canary Wharf
- The renowned Harley Street in London is home to some of the world's most advanced radiology equipment.
- It accounts for over a fifth of the Gross Value added of the UK London generates 22% of the UKs GDP
- It has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1billion in 2011
39
Points On The Political Significance And The Impact of London's Situation and Connectivity
- London is the political centre of the UK, as the Houses of Parliament are located there, making the city the political hub of the UK
40
Points On The Social Significance And The Impact of London's Situation and Connectivity
- Around 300 different languages are spoken in London and there are at least 14 different faiths practiced here endless venues for entertainment; approximately 300 theatres, 12,000 restaurants, 500 cinema screens and also 240 museums and galleries including the 'west end' theatres
- London's where several major airports including Heathrow, Gatwick, City and London Stansted Heathrow carried 69.4 million passengers in 2011, more than all the other airports put together. It connects to cities all over the world. Heathrow is the second busiest international airport in the world
- The cities population swells by 1.3 million every day because of people going to London to work and from tourism
- One third of Londoners were born abroad...the top 3 countries are India, Poland and Bangladesh
41
Points On The Environment Significance And The Impact of London's Situation and Connectivity
- Approximately 40% of the city is green space, making London the greenest city of its size in the world.
42
What is the Burgess Model and What is it made up of?
(The Burgess Model (concentric ring model) shows land use patterns.)
The model was based on 1920's Chicago where Burgess noted that the different land uses were in a ring pattern.
Each ring of the model performed a function for the city and these changed with the increasing distance from the city centre.
1. Central Business District
2. Inner City
3. Surburbs (Inner and Outer)
4. Urban-Rural Fringe
43
As you travel into the town or city, how do the following change?
1. Density of housing
2. Age of housing
3. Amount of green space
4. Height of building
5. Price of land
6. Land use
7. Function
8. Type of housing
1. The density of hosuing increases
2. The age of buildings generally increases (however, you can find some modern, new buildings in the city centre, such as offices)
3. There is less and less green space
4. The height of buildings increases
5. The price of land generally increases
6. The land use goes from housing, shops and restaurants to more office and business based buildings
7. The function of the area generally becomes more and more business based
8. The housing tends to get small and smaller, and taller and taller, as it goes from more middle class housing to more working class housing
44
The Central Business District: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g City of London)
Function:
- It is the main area of business
- There are many commercial buildings and lots of office space
- London’s radial roads means that it’s the most accessible area, from all parts of London.
Building Age Variation:
- This is often the oldest part of the city. It is the place where most offices are found
- In saying this the CBD will also hold some of the newest modern buildings too
Building Density:
- It’s the most densely built part of the city
- It's mostly made up of many high rise buildings all packed together
Land Use:
-Most offices and political buildings are found here (e.g House of Parliament)
Environmental Quality:
-London has a number of Royal Parks (Hyde and St James) but also has the worst air quality caused by traffic.
45
The Inner City: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g Newham or Chelsea)
Function:
- Used to have must of the old manufacturing industry but much of it has closed down.
- Traditionally it provided cheap terraced housing for factory workers.
- Nowadays it's been turned into dense flats and houses
Building Age Variation:
- In Chelsea, for example, 80% of the houses were built before 1919
- Other areas like Newham have 1960's-70's high rise buildings
Building Density:
- The building density is quite high (but slightly lower than the CBD)
- The houses were small and streets were laid out in a grid pattern with littler or not green space.
Land Use:
- The inner cities are now changing and becoming more popular with young adults as they are close to the city centre.
- There is lots of worker's housing in some areas as well
- It can include terraced hosuing and more modern apartment buildings too
Environmental Quality:
-Environmental quality it this area varys as some parts are still relatively run down (Hackney) while others are being improved by residence (Notting Hill)
46
The Suburbs: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g Kingston Upon Thames)
Function:
- The suburbs are more expensive places to live and popular with families due the houses being larger (semi- detached or detached).
- It serves as middle class residential housing
Building Age Variation:
- Many of these properties were built in the early 1900s.
- Good quality 20th century housing
Building Density:
- Buildings are less high rise and most houses have gardens
- Density is around medium to high in these areas.
Land Use:
- Shops and restaurants can be found in these areas
- It's mainly made up of middle class residential housing
Environmental Quality:
- There are more open spaces in these areas so the environmental quality is improved.
- The houses often have good gardens
47
The Rural-Urban Fringe: (for London)
- Function
- Building Age Variation
- Building Density
- Land Use
- Environmental Quality
(e.g, Thurrock)
Function:
- This is where the city meets the country side.
- There is some industry – often seen towards the edge of town but it is mainly residential.
Building Age Variation:
-Most houses were built in the late 20th century.
Building Density:
-Building density is low
Land Use:
-Much of land is for Middle Class larger housing for slightly more wealthy people
Environmental Quality:
- Almost every house has a garden
- Due to the open space, environmental quality if often higher.
48
Why is London such a popular destination for migrants?
London is a popular destination for migrants, as there are good opportunities there for both skilled and unskilled workers. This allows many people to be able to travel to London, get a job (as long as it fits their skill level), and afford a home. This is shown by the fact that there was a net migration of 100,000 in 2014 and 200,000 in 2018.
49
Why is migration an economic necessity for London’s economy?
Migration is an economic neccesstity because there are many different people coming in and working many different jobs. This beings value and money into the area and the companies that work there, while some migrants will fill job positions that the British public may not want to do.
50
Compare the location of Asian Indian and black Caribbean ethnicities in London.
-Consider London’s CBD, Inner City, Inner and Outer Suburbs, north, south, east, west and particular Boroughs as well as clustering
Overall, the most dominant nation in terms of foreign born populations in each borough is India, as this is the most dominant nation in 10 boroughs, however they are always found in the inner and outer suburbs, mainly in the east (and some in the South-East and the East)
On the other hand, you find more Carribean nationals in the south of the inner city, possibly suggesting that these people are a little poorer than the Indians who are able to afford larger housing in the suburbs.
51
Why do migrants of similar ethnicities generally migrate into the same location?
Migrants of similar ethnicity migrate to the same location as it's easier for them if they live and settle into an area where they have people of the same ethnicity. Another reason can be that people may be travelling over to live/reunited with families who have already migrated previously.
Other reasons can include:
- To help defend against discrimination
- To support ethnic shops and services (banks, places of worship, e.c.t)
- To help preserve cultural distinctiveness. Some areas have developed cultural festivals, e.g Notting Hill Carnival.
52
What is Newham's Ethnicity, Income, Housing, Services, and Culture Situation
Ethnicity:
One of London's most diverse boroughs - 30% white, 26% black Carribean and African, 39% Asian (maknly India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).
Income:
Low-income area
Housing:
Mostly rented. 32% own their property, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing.
Services:
Schools under pressure caused by high birth rate. Pressure on social services with 38% of children living in poverty.
Culture:
Mainly Asian with several temples, mosques, and African Anglican churches. Mainly Asian food shops and small businesses.
53
What is Lambeth's Ethnicity, Income, Housing, Services, and Culture Situation
Ethnicity:
Diverse (38% born outside UK from 152 countries). Black 25%, white 55%, small Asian population (8%)
Income:
Average income area
Housing:
44% own their own property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing.
Services:
81% of children in schools from ethnic backgrounds. 140 languages spoken in Lambeth schools; English is a second language for half of school students
Culture:
Varies, from black Caribbean culture (Caribbean food market stalls and restaurants in Brixton) to white middle class.
54
What is Richmond upon Thames's Ethnicity, Income, Housing, Services, and Culture Situation
Ethnicity:
One of the least diverse boroughs in London - 85% white, 7% Asian or Asian British. But many residents born overseas - USA, EU
Income:
Very high income area - 69% have professional or managerial occupations. Average income £41,000 - almost double the UK average
Housing:
Stable area when affluent people buy expensive property. 69% own their own property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing.
Services:
Less pressure on schools with fewer children, but has higher than average percentage in care homes.
Culture:
Predominantly white middle class
55
Newham's:
- Largest age group
- Male-female balance
- Birth rate
- Proportions of elderly (above 65)
Age Group:
The largest age range is 25-30
Male-Female Balance:
Newham is heavily male dominated, especially in the age bracket of 20-24
Birth Rate:
Newham has a slightly higher birth rate as there are more young children
Proportions of the Elderly (65+):
Newham has a low elderly population that are 65+
56
Lambeth:
- Largest age group
- Male-female balance
- Birth rate
- Proportions of elderly (above 65)
Age Group:
The largest age group is around 25 (20-30)
Male-Female Balance:
Lambeth's gender balance is fairly even throughout most of the age brackets
Birth Rate:
The birth rate in Lambeth is a bit lower than in other areas
Proportions of the Elderly (65+):
Lambeth has a slightly higher elderly population (compared to Newham)
57
Richmond upon Thames:
- Largest age group
- Male-female balance
- Birth rate
- Proportions of elderly (above 65)
Age Group:
The largest age bracket is the 35-40 age
Male-Female Balance:
Richmond's gender balance is fairly even, while there are slightly more older women than older men
Birth Rate:
The birth rate in Richmond is slightly behind Newham, and is around medium comapred to the two other areas
Proportions of the Elderly (65+):
Richmond has a very high elderly population, while there are a significant number of female over 90 especially
58
How Does Migration Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
There is now a high percentage of people aged 25-34 in inner city London, and a lower population of people over 65. Most immigrants are of working age
59
How Does Ethnicity Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
Ethnic diversity is higher in inner city areas, e.g 52% of people are foreign born in Newham, compared to 29% in Kingston upon Thames, but its increasing rapidly in some suburbs, e.g Bexley
60
How Does Population Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
Population growth rates in inner city areas because of high immigration rates and because many migrants are of child-bearing age (so birth rates are higher).
61
How Does Housing Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
The high rate of immigration is leading to overcrowding. Poorer immigrants often live in older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in the inner city, which are more affordable.
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How Does Services Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
In inner city areas where immigration rates are high, there is an increasing demand for services such as education and health care (e.g for school paces and maternity care). However, these areas are often amongst the poorest parts of the city, so it's difficult to provide what's needed.
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How Does Culture Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City
London is very culturally diverse, with more than 200 languages spoken. Many immigrants choose to settle near people with the same ethnic background, giving the area a distinct ethnic character, e.g Chinatown. Lots of food, music, and goods from that culture can be found there.
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Inequality Definition
Inequality is focused on the difference between the advantaged and disadvantaged. This can include differences in income, services, or experiencing extreme difficulties
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Deprivation Definition
Deprivation is having a lack pr being depeived of something. Deprivation can be measured through IMD data (Index Multiple Deprivation)
(Deprivation is the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.)
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Newham's Education Data
- 38% of students aged 16 did get their GCSE's A* - C in 2012
- 20% of 5-16 year olds have free school meals
- 26% of adults educated to degree level
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Richmond's Education Data
- 37% of students aged 16 did get their GCSE's A* - C in 2012
- 8.4% of 5-16 year olds have free school meals
- 64% of adults educated to degree level
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Reasons for Education Inequality in Newham and Richmond
Many of the best state schools are in wealthy areas. Therefore wealthy parents send their children there. Wealthy parents living in wealthy areas with schools that aren't as good are able to send their children to private schools, meaning children from lower income families end up going to underperforming state schools. From there they may not get the best qualifications and which could lead to less job opportunity and a lower income.
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Newham's Income/Employment Data
- It's a lower income area
- 12.6% of people here are unemployed
- The average income is £28,780, the same as the UK national average, but it is more expensive to live in London than other parts of the UK
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Richmond's Income/Employment Data
- Income in this area is very high
- 2.8% are unemploymed
- 69% percent of adukts work in professional or management jobs
- The average income is £59,560 nearly double the UK national average
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Reasons for Income/Employment Inequality in Newham and Richmond
There are fewer manufacturing jobs in the inner city - new industries locate on the outskirts, so it's harder for people to find suitable work. The average income is around 28,780 in Newham (and is double this Richmond), while 12.6% of people are unemployed here. These industries mentionned would've relocated to an area such as Richmond where there are more highly qualified people, which results in more people in Richmond earning more money.
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Newham's Health/Healthcare Data
- Infant mortality rate is 5.5 (per 1000 births)
| - Premature deaths are 210 per 100,000 (of people before the age of 65)
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Richmond's Health/Healthcare Data
- Infant mortality rate is 2.75 (per 1000 births)
| - Premature deaths are 121 per 100,000 (of people before the age of 65)
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Reasons for Health/Healthcare Inequality in Newham and Richmond
Unhealthy lifestyles, e.g drinking, smoking, and poor diets, are more common in deprived areas - life expectancy is about 5 years lower in poorer areas of the city, than in wealthier areas. This is highlighted by a far higher premature death rate in Newham, compared to Richmond (210 deaths per 1000 compared to 121, for people under 65). Health care is free on the NHS, but services often overwhelmed and poorer people can't afford private health care, so they have to put up with the public hospitals that get easily overcrowded and overrun. This inequality in healthcare can be shown through Newham's infant mortality being higher than Richmonds (5.5 deaths per 100,000 compared to 2.75 per 100,000).
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Newham's Services (Schools + Parks) / Crime Data
- Crime is high 130 crimes per 1000 people per year
- Less ‘Outstanding’ Ofsted Schools per child
- Small parks/gardens are a fraction of the size of Richmond
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Richmond's Services (Schools + Parks) / Crime Data
- Crime is low with only 54 crimes per 1000 people per year
- More ‘Outstanding’ Ofsted schools per child
- Large green spaces such as Richmond Park and Bushy Park
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Reasons for Services (Schools + Parks) / Crime Inequality in Newham and Richmond
Rapid population growth and high turnover of people puts pressure on services, such as health and education. Funding services is also harder in deprived areas, where councils get less money from taxes and business. Furthermore, the crime rate for people living in Richmond is lower as they have less reason/motivation to seal and e.c.t, as people are wealthy and get paid good wages. Another reason to back this up that there are more schools rated 'Outstanding' here so students who would've grown up will have better moral compasses.
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How do the follwing link in with each other (how does one affect the others):
- Education
- Jobs
- Wealth
- Health
- Taxes
- Crime
Education ---> Jobs:
A better education will lead to more highly skilled students who will go on to get better, more highly paid jobs.
Jobs ---> Wealth:
A better quality of job will lead to a job of higher pay, which will lead to increased levels of wealth. However a lower skilled job may lead to lower levels of wealth on the other hand.
Wealth ---> Health
People who earn more money will pay more taxes. These taxes go towards improved healthcare, as well as education which will improve the quality of life.
Education Health
More wealth leads to higher taxes, meaning the area can be improved in terms of healthcare and hospitals, however, lower taxes in an area means that less money can be invested into local healthcare. This is the same with edication, as taxes are also spent on improving school facilities, and when there are more taxes, there is more money avaliable to invest into these improvements.
Wealth ---> Crime ---> Education:
Crime can be affected by wealth, and then can affect education as a result. Crime means that education can be made worse through the fact that you'll be less focused on your studies and more distacted by committing crimes. In addition, people usually slip into crime when they are less wealthy as people in that position are usually more desperate, and as a result, more susceptible to slipping into crime
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Deindustrialisation Definition
Decline of industry in the area
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Depopulation Definition
Reduction of people in an area, they move away from an area
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Decentralisation Definition
The movement of people, factories, offices, and shops away from the city centre to suburban and edge-of-city locations
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How did Deindustrialisation happen in London
London's docks closed in 1981. Industries that relied on the port (like flour mills) moved away. Nearby, industries in London's biggest manufacturing area, the Lea Valley closed. By 2001, only 7.5% of people worked in manufacturing in London, down from 30% in 1971.
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How did Depopulation happen in London
The port closures has a massive impact on communities. Parts of east London has unemployment rates of 60%. The area suffered depopulation as people left in search of work, while improving transport allows people to commute to the city. Between 1971-1981, London boroughs lost over 16% of it's population.
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How did Suburbanisation happen in London
Outer suburbs of London gained people while the inner suburbs lost them, as the outer suburbs has space for gardens, parks and e.c.t. The city lost 1.5 million betwen 1951-1981. This came about because of the opening of the Underground in 1863. The electrification of the surface rail in the 1920's made travel to London even faster.
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How did Decentralisation happen in London
People shifting to the suburbs meant that money was being spent there. This sent shopping activity and employment away from the CBD. This lead to the growth of out-of-town shopping centers (like Croydon's Whitgift Centre), retail parks (like Kew Retail Park), and business parks (like Stockley Park)
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How did Deindustrialisation happen in London
The rise of online shopping has also resulted in more decentralisation. Using websites like Amazon means you don't even have to leave your home when buying things, meaning there is less reason to travel to the city to buy things. Buting online is called e-commerce.
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How has E-Commerce affected people leaving the Inner Suburbs of London
Transport is also a huge factor which has driven people and industry out of London. Improvements to cars, buses, train links, and the underground mean that people can commute in and out of London as well as other cities, with relative ease.
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How has Transport affected people leaving the Inner Suburbs of London
Transport is also a huge factor which has driven people and industry out of London. Improvements to cars, buses, train links, and the underground mean that people can commute in and out of London as well asto other cities, with relative ease.
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Explain how deindustrialisation caused decline in the Inner City (2 marks)
Deindustrialisation is the city centre means there will be less industry and factories. Less industry means fewer jobs are avaliable which will lead some people to leave in search of work. This then creates a spiral of decline.
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Explain how decentralisation caused decline in Inner Cities (4 marks)
Decentralisation can cause decline in the inner city as the city as the city will be left without services (so less jobs and fewer people living there), leaving people's attention to stay on the outer suburbs. This means that there is more money being spent in the outer suburbs, so there was rise in shopping centres for example, like Croydon's Whitgift Centre. Another one of the reasons for people moving away was due to improved transportation, allowing people to commute to work in the CBD, and being able to afford a cheaper house with more open space while still having a similar commute time because of the faster transportation times. Finally the rise of e-commerce has also led to inner city decentralisation, as it gives people even less reason to travel all the way into the inner city to spend money as they can buy items and spend money in their own homes. All of this results in the decentralisation of many inner city areas, sometimes resulting in a further spiral of decline for some areas.
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Counterurbanisation Definition
Counterurbanisation is the movement of people beyond the boundary of a town/city into a village or smaller town
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Suburbanisation Definition
Suburbanisation is the movement of people to the residential area of the city in the suburbs.
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Deindustrialisation Definition
Deindustrialisation is the decline of factories in an urban area
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Decentralisation Definition
Decentralisation is the The movement of shops/offices to the edge of the urban area (RUF)
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Depopulation Definition
Depopulation is the decline of the total population
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Gentrification Definition
Gentrification is the improvement of an urban area when new professional (high earners) move into a run down area closer to work. This rehabilitates the area.
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Studentification Definition
Studentification is when the communities benefit from local universities which provide employment and large student population which can regenerate services and housing.
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Urban Sprawl Definition
Urban Sprawl is when towns spread outwards in their size as people move to the edge through suburbanisation
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The Green Belt Definition
The Green Belt is an area of land at the edge of an urban area that has strict planning controls which prevent new development and urban sprawl.
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London lost 1.5 million people from its population between 1951 and 1981 but still grew into the green belt, why?
Many people left London as it's a difficult city to live in, as living in London means paying high rents or moving to the suburbs and spending time and money on commuting. This resulted in 1.5 million people leaving the inner dity between 1951-1981, but it still grew. One of the reasons for this it's continued growth is couner urbanisation - where the home counties that surround London have increased in population (due to migration for example). This means boundary between the city and the countryside is blurred.
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Why have people moved out towards the URF?
The process of people moving from inner Londom to the outer suburbs is called suburbanisation. Some of the reasons for people moving to the countryside includes the high rent or cost of homes, along with the costs of commuting to and from work. Another motive could be that there are more open spaces, gardens, and also quality of life in the urban rural fringe.
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What social factors have contributed to people moving out towards the RUF?
One of the social factors that contributes to people moving out of London can be decreased family size (Highlighted by how the children per women fell from 3 in 1961 to 1.6 in 2011). This along with the fact that increasing divorce rates and later marriages (with people staying single for longer) means there is a need for more houses and more space. This increased demand for homes means more people move further and further out of London for housing.
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How has the physical growth of London been limited?
The physical growth of London as a sprawling city has been limited by the green belt. The green belt was made by planners to protect the countryside. Further expansion can take place beyond it, but not on too large of a scalw. Further expansion can take place in cities such as Chelmsford for example.
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How have financial and business services and TNCs investment helped grow London again?
- The growth of fincance and business services is revitalising the CBD. The City of London has emerged as a global centre for banking, insurance, and law companies which benefit from being close to each other
- Many TNC's locate their sales and marketing departments and headquarters in Londom because of it's importance as a financial centre. TNC's based in London include HSBC, Virgin Atlantic, and Shell. These in turn attract furthee investment as they identify London as a global city.
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How has gentrification and studentification helped grow London again?
- Some areas, e.g Islington have been gentrified, meaning wealthier people move into run down areas and regenerate them by improving their houses. New businesses are speinging up in gentrified areas to cater for the wealthier newcomers.
- Other areas, e.g Camden have been studentified - a high student population has led to thriving services and entertainment venues, generating new jobs and wealth in the area.
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How has leisure and culture helped grow London again?
- London hosted the Olympic games in 2012, with the most investment taking place in London's East End.
- This was one of London's most deprived areas but the area now has new transport links and the athletes' village has been developed into modern housing estates
- The sports stadiums are now open for community use as well as world sporting events. New jobs as well as world sporting events. New jobs have beem created and lots of people are moving to the area.
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How has Urban Sprawl helped grow London again?
- Most growth has taken place in the rural urban fringe. Large shopping centres, e.g Bluewater have been built on the edge of a city where land is cheaper, while there is less congestion and more parking space.
- Industrial areas, e.g Crossways Business Park by the QEII bridge have also been developed on the outskirts of London.
- The avaliability of jobs has attracted many people to live there.
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Identify two areas within a town that have experienced population growth in the last 15 years (2 marks)
The two areas that have experienced growth in population are the inner city and the suburbs/rural urban fringe.
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For both the inner city and rural urban fringe, explain one reason why they have experienced economic growth (4 marks)
The inner city has benefited from studentification where university students have now chosen to live in areas like Kingston. They improve the shops (supermarkets/clothes) and services like bars and restaurants. The housing is also improved too for students to live in.
The rural urban fringe and the outer suburbs have benefitted of suburbanisation, where people are decided to migrate out of London in search of more open space and larger housing, alongside cheaper property costs. This is attractive for many people including larger families who will need bigger homes to live in.
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What is regeneration? What is reurbanisation? How are they different?
Regeneration is when an area is re-invested in and upgraded in urban, rural, industrial, and commercial areas. Reurbanisation on the other hand is when people move back into the inner city areas where the population has previously declined due to either social, economic, or environmental issues. You could argue that regeneration is usually the cause of reurbanisation, as it's what attracts the people back in.
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What is Rebranding of an area?
Rebranding is changing the name and theme of an area through marketing it. This should improve the image and encourage people to go there.
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What is the Regeneration of an area
Rengeneration is the rebuilding of old areas by adding new services, jobs, housing, updating transport and commerce.
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Facts/Stats about the area of Stratford (inner city London) before the Olympic Games
- The River Lea wa ecologically 'dead'
- 1800km^3 of soil was polluted
- Only 2 privately owned houses on the site
- 1/3 of housing was inadequate
- 'Fridge Mountain' was located by the River Lea, and just outside of what's now the London Stadium
- 7 years lower life expectancy in Stratford than central London
- 4 of the top 13 deprived boroughs/councils in the Country
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What was the Olympic Park made up of before the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford?
The Brownfield site was made up of:
- Disused factories
- Warehouses
- Railway sidings
- Very poor quality land
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What was the Olympic Park made up of after the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford?
The Olympic park included:
- A rejuvenated River Lea
- A National Trust park
- The East Village in the Olympic Park (was the Athletes village during the games) and has now been converted into apartments
- Westfield Stratford Olympic Park Shopping Centre
- The new Olympic Park (now known as the London Stadium used by West Ham United)
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Positive Social Factors that have come out of the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford
- It will create 9,000 new homes, with 50% going to housing associations for affordable housing or social (council) housing
- 12,000 jobs will be created in the area of the Olympic Park alone. Jobs will vary in skill level from BT at HereEast and high-tech start ups to lower service paid jobs in Westfield.
- The aim is for the games to promote social cohesion in one of the most culturally diverse communities in the UK. It should also improve the image of both East London
- Population has risen by 58% since 1981 in Newham, it’s London’s fastest growing borough of London. This creates spending and more jobs and investment.
- New image of Stratford around Sport has been continued with ‘open-to-public’ velodrome, aqua-park, mountain biking, sports centre (Copper Box) and stadium
- Stratford is the most connected station in London with nine different public transport lines changing there!
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Positive Environomental Factors that have come out of the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford
- The urban wasteland of the Lower Lea Valley (one UK’s most polluted rivers) was described as ecologically ‘dead’ is now hugely improved and full of life!
- Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has been built, it is the largest new London Park since the Victorian era – green space in the Inner City of London
- In total around 280 hectares of brownfield land will be regenerated into housing and commercial buildings
- 10 football pitches of wild flowers have been planted creating rich, diverse habitats
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Negative Social Factors that have come out of the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford
- Some traditional businesses e.g. pubs, and shops have close and new services for the wealthier newcomers have replaced these.
- Old communities were broken up. People forced to leave the area and move out of London to Chigwell, Essex to find new homes, others had to seek smaller houses
- Rental costs have also shot up and a combination of rising rents make it increasingly difficult for households on low incomes to find accommodation in the area – they leave!
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Positive Economic Factors that have come out of the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford
- It will create 9,000 new homes, with 50% going to housing associations for affordable housing or social (council) housing
- 12,000 jobs will be created in the area of the Olympic Park alone. Jobs will vary in skill level from BT at HereEast and high-tech start ups to lower service paid jobs in Westfield.
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Negative Economic Factors that have come out of the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford
- Targets for affordable housing there have been revised down from 50% in 2010 to a maximum of 31% in 2013.
- Since 2012, Newham has recorded the largest property price rises of any London borough and the area around the East Village has emerged as a “buy to let” hotspot.
- Rental costs have also shot up and a combination of rising rents make it increasingly difficult for households on low incomes to find accommodation in the area – they leave!
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Negative Social Factors that have come out of the Rebranding and Regeneration of Stratford
-The Carbon footprint and all of the emmisions let off by disposing of all of the waste, as well as for building so many new buildings and entire area/stadium could be astronmical, which isn't as good for things like Climate Change
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How would first time buyers win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
First time buyers would lose from the development, as rental costs and property costs have taken a huge increase, while a first time buyer would have such a large sum of money.
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How would the industries or factories win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
Industries and factories present before the Olympics would've won as they were given compensation to move out of a declining area. However, for those who's businesses were thriving, it was very bad, as they would've had to totally relocate their whole business.
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How would the original inhabitants who lived in the area before the games win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
Orginal inhabitants would've lost most of them didn't get the social housing that they were promised to them. Although they were given compensation, many couldn't move back to the area after the development was complete.
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How would a family living in the nearby area with 2 young children who lived in the area before the games win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
A family living in the nearby area with 2 young children would definitely win, as there would then be some new 'Outstanding' rated schools in the area, while there is also the rest of redeveloped area to enjoy as well.
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How would Environmentalists who lived in the area before the games win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
Environmentalists would win because many pollutants were removed from the area, e.g fridge mountain, and replaced with a rejuvenated Lea Valley and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
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Do International businesses looking to investinthe area win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
International businesses looking to invest in the area would win, as low-skilled older industries in a stagnating area, have been replaced with high-tech new offices, for banks amd large tech companies to use.
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How would Low/semi-skilled workers looking to move to the area after the games win or lose from the Rebranding and Redevelopment of Stratford?
Low/semi-skilled workers would lose out, as they would not be able to afford to move back there, while most of the old, lower-skill industries were moved out and replaced in the area.
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Explain how a regeneration/rebranding scheme has had a positive and negative impact on certain groups of the city (4 marks)
Positive Impact:
A positive impact from the regeneration of Stratford is that it creates lots of new job opportunities in the area, which can also result in higher taxes being paid to the local authorities - allowing them to continue to improve surrounding areas and services. For example, 12,000 jobs have been created in the area of the Olympic Park, while these jobs include a range of skill brackets, from high-tech startups to service paid jobs in Westfield.
Negative Impact:
A negative impact from the regeneration of Stratford is that many people who lived there beforehand have been displaced since. Part of this is down to people being promised social housing once the development was complete, but instead, most people didn't get the housing they were promised, while Newham has recorded the largest property rises of any London borough. All of this has made property harder to buy and even more expensive.
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What is a Sustainable Urban area (+ What 3 Needs can it meet)
A sustainable urban area is able to meet the needs of the population living there. Some needs have to be met:
- Socially: So people have access to good services
- Economically: So a range of jobs are available with fair wages
- Environmentally: So resources are used in a manner to minimise usage and ensure safe disposal of waste products to not damage the natural environment
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Quality of Life Definition
This term sums up all the factors that affect a person’s general well-being and happiness.
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How Can London Overcome the problem of Transport to become a more Sustainable City
One of the solutions to having fewer vehicles on the road is to take public transport in and around Lodnon. People are also encouraged to use the bike scheme that's in use around the city (Boris Bikes). The main solution is the creation of the ULEZ zone where only cars with cleaner emissions can drive. An example of change can be that the Congestion Charge has resulted in a decrease of Nitrous Oxide emissions by 13% between 2002 and 2003
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How Can London Overcome the problem of Employment (people travelling into offices e.c.t) to become a more Sustainable City
The solution to making employment more sustainable is for some office workers to work from home, or to have more flexible hours that involves commuting outside of rush-hour. Not commuting at rush-hour means less emissions will be let off by all of the cars stuck in traffic jams.
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How Can London Overcome the problem of Energy Efficient Housing to become a more Sustainable City
An example of a type of energy efficient housing is BedZED. They ensure there are bike schemes, car schemes, along with thick walls and south-facing appartments and windows to try to allow in and keep as much heat as possible, which reduces the energy that needs to be used around the complex. They also recycle greywater from things like air conditioning and use it for things like flushing toilets. In most houses that water would most likely have been wasted.
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How Can London Overcome the problem of little Green Spaces to become a more Sustainable City
Green spaces on the edge of London are protected by London's 'Green Belt'. Another thing that can be done is to build on brownfield sites (which have little use or benefit to keeping) instead of building things on green fields or farmland. Doing this helps preserve as many green areas as possible.
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How Can London Overcome the problem of Affordable Housing to become a more Sustainable City
First time buyers are assisted by a programme called 'First Steps' which helps people on low income to buy and rent properties. Also, the lack of affordable houses for key workers inside of London means more emissions are produced when they decide to buy a cheaper house that's further and therefore have to take a longer commute.
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How Can London Overcome the problem of Waste/Recycling to become a more Sustainable City
The solution to excessive waste and improve recycling can be providing lots of accessible recyling and composting services around the city. Another scheme taking place is to develop 'waste burning power stations' to generate heat and power. 1/3 of the fuel used in the Energy Centre in the Olympic Park is actually household waste.
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Why may Energy Efficient Housing be the most sustainable solution for London to be a Sustainable City
Energy efficent housing is the most sustainable solution because it can help create a more sustainable city on many different levels. More energy efficient housing leads to less energy being wasted in the household, while to make a house more efficient; it should have thicker walls and be south facing, which also has other benefits too. Lastly, a more energy efficient house leads to fewer energy bills, meaning more money saved to buy an electric car, for example, which helps to city be even more sustainable in terms of transport too.
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Why may Employment (people travelling into offices e.c.t) be the least sustainable solution for London to be a Sustainable City
Employment is the least sustainable solution because even though less emissions are produced from the commute to the office, you still produce more emissions than you usually would at home, as you'd use more energy powering your computer, or for heating in the house for example. This, in turn, could lead to spending more money on their home bills, meaning less money saved that would've been spent on other renewable solutions, such as an electric car.
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Labour, Goods, and Services Definitions
Labour - A work force (the people avaliable)
Goods - Physical materials or products
Services - Functions that satisfy our needs
141
What examples are there of Labour needing the interconnection between London and other Rural Areas
- Many people commute into London from surrounding rural areas to work – 40% of people in Sevenoaks (NW Kent) work in London. (Rural --> London)
- Students and young professionals move into London – they want to live near to work in areas with good entertainment, e.g. Camden. (Rural --> London)
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What examples are there of Goods showing/needing the interconnection between London and other Rural Areas
- London relies on the surrounding rural areas for food – many farmers sell their produce to supermarkets and wholesalers who transport it. (Rural --> London)
- Many rural people travel into London to go shopping – there is a greater selection of high street and luxury shops, e.g. Harrods. (Rural --> London)
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What examples are there of Services showing/needing the interconnection between London and other Rural Areas
- London has excellent hospitals and private schools as well as specialist services, e.g. Great Ormond Street children’s Hospital. (Rural --> London)
- Many Londoners travel into the countryside for leisure activities, e.g. to play golf, walk in country parks, go horse riding, etc. (London --> Rural)
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Economic Positives of London's interdependancy with Rural Areas
- Some rural service businesses (e.g pubs and restaurants) have seen an increase in profits as newer residents have higher disposable incomes. (Rural Benefit)
- There is less pressure on housing in London. Cost of housing in London decreased (Urban Benefit).
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Social Positives of London's interdependancy with Rural Areas
- Some existing houses have been improved with wealthier residence. E.g. Kentish coast houses (hop drying building) have been renovated and turned into houses. (Rural Benefit)
- Some farmers have made money from selling land or buildings and diversifying their businesses. (Rural Benefit
- There is less pressure on housing in London. Cost of housing in London decreased. (Urban Benefit)
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Environmental Negatives of London's interdependancy with Rural Areas
- Lots of commuters drive to stations with fast links to London (e.g. Sevenoaks). This increases the amount of traffic, air pollution and congestion. Parking is an issue. (Rural Negative)
- New housing estates have been built on open countryside e.g. Dunton Green, which has affected wildlife habitats. (Rural Negative)
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Social Negatives of London's interdependancy with Rural Areas
-Some villages have become commuter settlements. Residents live in a rural area and commute to London. The village is empty during the day and some shops and services may close. (Rural Negative)
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Stakeholder Definition
A person who has a vested interest pr concern about something.
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How Would Farmers benefit from Rural-Urban Interdependancy
Farmers would benefit from interdependancy because they are able to sell their produce to big, urban supermarkets, while they can also sell land or buildings which can diversify their businesses.
150
Why are people moving to East Devon? (counter-urbanisation)
Exeter is an attractive location for companies. As the area is mainly rural and land costs are cheaper - office rental costs £9 per square foot annually, compared to £90 in Central London! East Devon is still very accessible, as there are many motorways (like the M5), and also Exeter Airport, while therevare also 42 train services a day to London. Another reason people may move is for the Univerity in Exeter, and the Met Office buildings, which are 3km from Exeter Airport.
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What Population Change has East Devon experienced
In 2014 alone, 5000 migrants from other parts of the UK, which isn't a suprise, seeing as 40% of people who arrive in Devon move there. Part of the increase is due to an inward flow of retired people, while young skilled students also move the the University (in Exeter) there
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Why has Pressure on Houses Increased in Devon
Increasing populations means that pressure on housing is also increasing. One reason that East Devon is considered as 'AONB' (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). This pushes up house demand, and therefore, house prices, while planning permission for new housing is hard to get due to it's impact on the scenery. In addition, average incomes (£360 per week in 2015) are 10% below the UK average, yet hous8ng is only 3% cheaper.
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What Increased Leisure and Activities are Avalaible in East Devon
East Devon has many, many leisure attractions and has its own stunning coastline around Exmouth and Sidmouth. To the east, the World Heritage Jurassic Coast stretches into Dorset, while 30 minutes to the west is Dartmoor National Park. Most visits to these areas put lots of pressure on the roads and transport going in and out of the area.
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Why Did the Met Office decide to move to East Devon
- Land is 10x cheaper than in central areas.
- Internet speed is super fast.
- It is accessible via the M5 and is located close to Exeter Airport and 20 minutes outside Exeter town centre.
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Housing:
How is Affordability a challenge in rural areas around London
- House prices increase so many people are unable to afford homes
- Sevenoaks District is among 30% most deprived areas for housing affordability
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Housing:
How is Demand a challenge in rural areas around London
-Pressure to build more houses grows as a demand for homes increases, which puts more green space at risk
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Housing:
How is it a challenge for young people in rural areas around London
- Young people find it harder and harder to afford homes in these rural areas around London due to increasing house prices
- This is becuase young peoples' incomes are usually lower
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Employment:
How are Primary and Secondary Jobs challenged in rural areas around London
- Increased use of technology in agriculture and increasing farm sizes has decreased the number of workers needed in rural areas.
- Kent now has fewer agricultural workers and manufacturing has declined by more than 30% since 1998
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Employment:
What problems does unemployment cause?
- Unemployment often leads to a negative cycle of decline, meaning alternative employment can be challenging.
- This also leads to lower taxes being paid in the area, and more people being given benefits money which takes away from investment into other areas like healthcare and education, futhering the cycle of decline
- This can then lead them to have lower incomes, meaning they can't afford more expensive housing
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Healthcare:
How do ageing populations create issues?
-Ageing populations require more healthcare and special facilities, e.g nursing homes. These elderly people don't own cars and struggle to get to shops and healthcare facilities
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Healthcare:
What problems do some small rural areas
-Only 38% of villages have doctor surgeries and most open only 1 day per week, while main hospitals are a long way from rural areas
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Schools:
How does a rural area having less young people result in
- Less young people result in schools closing due to declining numbers of pupils (e.g they are no secondary schools in Edenbridge).
- This means some young people have to travek further to get to schools, leading to a cycle of decline
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Transport:
Why does Public Transport gets worse
-Transport gets worse because there is less demand or use of transport, which leads to fewer and lower quality services that are being run in an area
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Why are supermarkets bad for farmers?
Many farmers struggle to earn enough to live on, as prices for their goods are forced down by supermarkets and cheaper imports from other countries. This means farmers can't produce crops cheap enough to sell them for a competitive price that they are able to make a living off.
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(For farmers) What is Diversification?
When some farmers are finding alternative ways of making money, either by farm-basedactivities or by starting a mew business to enable their farm to survive. Farm shops and tourist accommodation are 2 ways farmers can diversify.
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Farm Shops:
Examples
- Stanhill farm in Wilmington
| - Kent has opened a farm shop selling produce from the farm and the local area.
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Farm Shops:
Environmental Impacts
- Land can continued to be farmed
- More varieties of crop are grown using more environmentally-friendly methods than monoculture (growing large areas of one crop for supermarkets)
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Farm Shops:
Negatives
- They are expensive
- The produce lower quality goods
- Often more expensive than supermarkets
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Rural Accommodation:
Example
-Tanner Farm Park in Kent has turned some land into a large caravan and camping parks
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Rural Accommodation:
Environmental Impacts
- Large caravan parks can be unsightly
- More pressure is on the natural environment from the large number of visitors, through increased use of water and energy and amount of waste generated
- It can cause extra contestion on the roads, producing harmful fumes
- Some people who may have never stayed in the countryside will often not follow the countryside code
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Farm Visits (Leisure):
Example
-The Hop Farm in Kent has animal petting area, children's rides and places to eat
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Farm Visits (Leisure)
Environmental Impacts
- Noise pollution can affect surrouding wildlife
- Land is built on to create car parks, visitor facilities and e.c.t
- Traffic increases in the area, leading to air pollution
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Farm Visits (Leisure)
Positives
- More money gained for the land owner
- Educates younger children on animals life and farms
- Raises awareness for farms and the problems they and the animals may face
