Paper 1: Development Dynamics - Topic 2 Flashcards
What is Development?
Development is the economic, social, and political progress a country or people make. For it to be beneficial, it must be sustainable (long-term) and experienced by many people across the country.
What are the Economic Development Indicators
- GDP: The total value of goods and services a country peoduces each year. It is measured in $US per year
- GDP per capita: Dividing GDP by population gives GDP per capita. GDP is measured in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) which shows what it will buy in each country. Low-income countries usually have low prices, so $1 will buy more there than in the UK
- Poverty Line: The minimum income eequired to meet someone’s basic needs - the World Bank uses $1.25 per person, per day
- Measure of Inequality: These show how equally wealth is shared among the population. It includes the percentage of GDP owned by the wealthiest 10% of the population, and by the poorest 10%.
What are the Social Development Indicators
- Life Expectancy: How long people are expected to live for throughout their lives
- Access to safe drinking water: The percentage of the population with access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km
- Literacy Rate: The pecentage of the population, aged over 15, who can read and write
-Human Development Index: A score between 0-1 that includes a country’s health, wealth and education (life expectancy, GDP per person, literacy rate)
A score of 1 is the best.
- Gender Inequality Index: A number that is calculated using data showing the staus of women in society. It includes: women’s access to education, jobs, and political rights. The lower the score, the better.
- Inequality Measure: The Gini coefficient measures how equally shared wealth is in a country. It shows inequality in a score between 0 (everyone is equal wealth) and 100 (inequality)
What are the Political Development Indicators
- Corruption Perception Index: A measure if the level of government open ess. A low score (0) is corrupt and a good score (10) means they’re honest
- Voting Uptake: Based on the percentage of people of certain age brackets that go and vote in elections
- Free Speech: How many people are allowed to come out and say what they think, compared to hoe many who are suppressed
What Demographics need to Improve to show Development being made in a country (+ Demography Definition)
Demography - Demography is the study of population
- Population Structure: The percentage of people who are male or female, or in different age brackets
- Demographic Data: All data linked to population changes (birth rate, death rate)
- Birth Rate: Number of live births per 1000 each year
- Death Rate: Number of death per 1000 each year
- Dependancy Ratio: Proportion of people below (under 14) and above (65+) the normal working age. It’s calculated by the equation: (Young + Old Workers / Working Age) x 100. The lower the number, the less depedant which is good
- Fertility Rate: Average number of births per woman
- Infant Mortality: Number of children who die before they are 1 per 1000
- Life Expectancy: Average number of years a person can expect to live
- Maternal Mortality: Number of mother per 100,000 who die in childbirth
How Malawi’s Age Demographics compared to a Developed Countries like the UK’s.
Malawi (2015):
Median age in Malawi = 16.3
- 9% of population is below 14 years old 2.7% of population is above 65 years old
- 2 million (out of a total population of 17mill) are below 14 years. It is the world’s youngest country
UK (2015):
Median age in the UK = 40.2
17.3% of population is below 14 years old 17.3% of population is above 65 years old
Growing life expectancy has helped population surge to new record high.
As expected, in a developing country, the median age is far lower than in a developed country. The percentage of U14 year olds is much higher in Malawi, while the percentage of 65+ year olds are much lower. This will be down to the high fertility rates, and lower standards of good quality healthcare and the access to medicines allowing people to live longer.
What factors make up a Developing Population Structure Graph
Developing:
- Wide base: Shows fertility rates are high and there are lots of children per woman
- Curving in at the Sides: Shows a higher death rate
- Narrow Apex: Shows a small number of elderly people, meaning a low life expectancy
- Steep Drop off between the 1st and 2nd Age Category: Shows high Infant Mortality
- Drop off after ages 14 and above: Shows that the Dependancy Ratio is high
What factors make up a Developed Population Structure Graph
- Narrower base: Shows fertility rates are lower as contraception use increases and there are a small number of children per woman
- Curving out at the Sides: Shows a lower death rate
- Larger Apex: Shows a large number of elderly people, meaning a high life expectancy
- Little/No Drop off between the 1st and 2nd Age Category: Shows low Infant Mortality
- Increase (no decrease) after ages 14 and above: Shows that the Dependancy Ratio is low
How does Development vary in terms of Literacy Rate between the UK, India, and Malawi
England, India, and Malawi’s quality of life varies quite a bit, both socially, economically, and politically. In eocial terms, England has the highest literacy rate of 99%, meaning people have the ability to learn, read, write, and communicate while people from India and Malawi will find this harder to do with one another, as their literacy rates are 74.4% and 62.1%, which could possibly hinder their quality of life.
How does Development vary in terms of GDP per capita between the UK, India, and Malawi
Quality of life can be made better or worse by GDP per capita, as the $1060 earned per oerson in Malawi will not allow people much freedom in terms of their disposable income, meaning their life will largely be based around having more basic items with lower chances of a good education. India will have a little more freedom in this aspect, with slightly more income at their disposal with each person earning around $6,700 per year, giving them a slightly better quality of life. Finally, the UK’s $46,659 GDP per capita allows people to have a large disposable income, which they are able to spend on whatever they want, and whatever makes them happy, cosequently leading their quality of life to be much higher.
How does Development vary in terms of Corruption Index between the UK, India, and Malawi
The quality of life will be far better in developed areas like the UK, as they will have a far more transparent government (with a corruption index score of 82) than other emerging countries like India (score of 40), and developing countries like Malawi (31). This means the population will suffer from less corruption in the UK, which gives people better and fairer opportunities to do what they want to do in society, improving their overall chances in life, and consequently, their quality of life.
What factors can lead to Birth and Fertility rates falling
Birth Rates and fertility will fall because the use of contraception will be far more common, and that women will have a greater role in society, and begin to focus and persuea wider array of career paths and opportunities as they are valued greater in a developed society.
What factors can lead to Infant Mortality falling
Infant mortality will fall because healthcare services are improved, meaning babies can survive birth, and with good quality food, water, and vaccination programmes for virus such as measles, young people eill be well protected. This will allow them to live far beyond their early years and well into their child and adulthood.
What factors can lead to Life Expectancy increasing
Life expectancy will increase because the country’s medicall care will have recived improvement, with a larger amount of doctors bieng able to care for more ageing people. In developed countries, patients will be able to recieve operationd and treatments that seem normal to them, but would be lifesaving in other developing countries like Malawi.
What can lead to populations becoming more elderly from youthful
Populations become more elderly from youthful, as improved healthcare will allow for poeple ti live longer, while the number of children per woman will also begin to decrease with more women being able to persue other careers. Also, contraception is used more in developed countries, which lowers the fertility rate, while people in modern society have many taxes and mortgages will leave some people at a point where they can’t affird the financial burden of children, therefore meaning less young people, and more older people (meaning the population age has increased).
What Social Factors are Holding Malawi back?
- Rural isolation. 85% of Malawi’s population is rural. These people are poor and isolated from the towns (and jobs) due to poor transport infrastructure.
- Basic telecommunications. People in the rural areas can’t get to the towns because of poor roads and also poor telephone and internet provision
- Pollution of land and water. Lilongwe, the capital has contaminated water supplies and rapid squatter settlements (slums). These along with air pollution reduce life expectancy and productivity of workers
- Low social investment – corruption has meant little investment in education and health. Malawi’s citizens have not been able to develop their lives
- HIV Prevalence: More spreading of disease will lead to less people working, which will make less money (Social/Economic)
- Very high fertility rate of 5.7 children per women and a growth rate of 2.8%. The population will double in 25 years – how can a Government provide water, food, housing, education for this growing population?
What Environmental Factors are Holding Malawi back?
- Droughts: Leads to people not having enough food to eat, and not enough spare to export and gain money (Environmental/Economic)
- Climate change is making Malawi much drier as evaporation increases from rising temperatures and rain is unpredictable causing food shortages
- Natural Disaster Occurence: Can result in areas and place being left totally destroyed and needing a rebuild (Environmental/Social)
- Landlocked. Malawi has no coastline. It has no port from which to export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves a slow, 800km single track railway
What Economic Factors are Holding Malawi back?
- Trade Deficit: Spending more on Imports than what they are gaining from exports (Economic)
- Malawi always loses money from its trading. Exports primary (raw material) products and imports secondary (manufactured) products
- High Debts: Results in the country more corrupt and not paying money off (Economic)
What Political Factors are Holding Malawi back?
- Malawi was a British Colony. British powers exploited cheaply Malawi’s raw materials and didn’t develop Malawi’s infrastructure or economy
- Malawi is the 121st (out of 168) worst corruption. It’s score is 3.8 out of 10 which is bad! This means a lack of investment to people’s education & health.
- Civil unrest – following anti-government protests, Britain halted all aid to Malawi, accusing the government of mishandling the economy and failing to invest in people
How has the World Trade evolved over the years
- Until the 1980’s, the flow of trade was either between the world’s developed and developing countries, or between the developed countries themselves.
- Now there is a third type of trade - between developing countries like Malawi and the emerging economies of India and China. China now buys food and raw materials from African countries, and Chinese goods are exported to developing economies of Africa and Latin America.
How did Colonisation affect Malawi
In the 19th century, the British colonised Malawi. They developed plants to grow coffee and tea for expoet. Plantations still remain in British ownership, some by large TNCs (like Unilever, producing PG tips tea). These plabations hire local landless labourers, or subsistances farmer ane pay them very low in wages (around 1p per kg), but do get housing, water and daily lunch.
What are the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and What do they do?
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is a global organisation which aims to make trade easier. It tries to help developing countries trade with wealthier countries so they can increase wealth, jobs, and investment. It also aims to get countries to agree that goods will be free of duties, or tariffs, which are added on to the proce of goods, making the, more expensive.
However, it doesn’t always work. Malawi esports raw coffee beans, instead of roasting them which would get a higher price. The reason that the EU and USA charge tariffs of 7.5% on imported roasted coffee beans, but nothing on raw beans. It’s cheaper for companies here to rost beans themeselves than to buy them ready-roasted with the added on price from Malawi
How does Increased Pollution affect Malawi
Economic growth has lead to rapid urban growth in Malawi since 2010, especially in the capital Lilongwe. There, the water supplies have become contaminated during the rainy season. The cause is surface run-off from the built up areas. Squatter settlements have griwn rapidly, with no sanitation or waste management. Rivers and local dama have become contaminated with waste and bacteria, which can lead to death.
Air pollution is also increasing, as dust, industrial smoke, and car fumes have reduced air quality. Traffic congestion has increased carbin monoxide and carbon dioxide pollution. Smoke ans haze in rural areas have increased, caused by bush fires, tyre burning, and forest clearance for agriculture.
How does Climate Change affect Malawi
Climate change affects countries in Africa more than anywhere else in the world. It causes:
- Water shortages as temperatures rise (increasing evaporation)
- Food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
Rainfall in Malawi has beenmuch lower since 2000, compared to before and the rainy season (November - April) has been shorter. This has lead to river drying up, and crop yields falling, however, when rain has come it has been extreme and intense which floods crops and destroys homes.
How does Malawi’s Geographical position affect it
Malawi has no coastline, making it landlocked, so it has no port from which to export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves going across other countries like Mozambique.
Nearly all of Malawi’s esports (tobacco, sugar, tea) go this way via train, and it then returns with imports (fertiliser, fuel, manufactured goods). This makes it a slow and espensive process.
How does Rural Isolation affect Malawi
85% if Malawi’s population is rural (this makes it the highest percentage rural population in the world). Much of rural Malawi is isolated, with poor infrastructure. Roads are mostly dirt, so it takes severak hours to travel 20km to local markets during the rainy season. When they flood, farmers can be cut off from the rest of society.
How do Terms of Trade affect Malawi (How well they are able to trade)
The value of Malawi’s exports every year is less than its imports, so every year, it earns less than it spends - its terms of trade are stacked against it.
One if the reasons for such poor terms if trade is that Malawi exports largely raw materials, known as primary products. It has traditionally sold these to developed countries, and return bough manufactured goods that it does not make itself, this was typical of trade in the 1980’s.
How do Malawi rely on Cash Crops
Farming is critical to Malawi. Over 80% of its population works in farming, and the country still depends on cash crops (sold for cash) for exports. These are known as commodities, and are traced on global markets. Malawi’s farmers find this tough, because gloval peices constantly change, so they never know what price they will get.
Are are the Consequences of Failing to Develop for Malawi
- Malawi is one of the 20 poorest countries in the world, where over 40% of the population lives on less than $1 a day, even after years of growth. 68% of the population live in squatter settlements like the one below.
- 80% of Malawi’s population is dependent on subsistence agriculture. Climate change is making the land drier and poorer quality
- Only 50% of young people get to go to secondary school
- 50% of the population don’t have access to clean water and illness is high. School and work is missed frequently
- Lilongwe (the capital of Malawi) is growing by 1000 people a week, due to rapid rural to urban migration
Fertility rate is 5.10 babies per women
What are to Social Consequences of Poverty
- More than 775 million in developing countries can’t read and write
- Nearly a billion people do not have access to clean water
- 2.4 billion don’t have basic sanitation
- Many developing countries cannot combat HIV/AIDS
What are the Economic Consequences of Poverty
- 1 in 5 of the world’s population live on less than $1 per day
- 1/2 of the world’s population live on less than $2 per day
- Developing countries lack the ability to pay for food, innovation, and investment
What are to Environmental Consequences of Poverty
- Are more vunerable to the effects of natural disasters
- Lack of ability to combat droughts and floods
- Raw materials are exploited
- Bad farming practices lead to envirnomental degradation
What are to Political Consequences of Poverty
- Some countries have non-democratic governments
- Democracies are made poorly, leading to corruptions
- Minorty groups are objectified and made worse
What Is Rostow’s Theory?
Walt Rostow was an Ameriean economist who worker in the US government after the end of the Second World War. He was anti-communist. and believed that poverty was the reason why China and other countries had overthrown their governments and become communist. In 1960. he published his theory usually called Rostow’s Model - based on the experience of Europe, North America, and Australasia. He believed that countries should pass through five stages of development:
- Traditional Society
- Pre-conditions for take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to Maturity
- High Mass Consumption
What is Rostow’s Model based on?
Rostow based his model on what happened in many European countries.These countries have now reached the final stage, but there may yet be another stage. He suggested that countries further behind on the development path would move through the stages mon quickly than those countries before them. For example the USA reached the final three stages in 1860, 1910 and the early 1920s, respectively. Rostow concluded that the development gap was explained by the fact that countries were at different stages of the model. He argued that capitalism was fundamental to economic development.
What are the Criticisms of the Modernisation Model (Rostow’s Theory)
Modernisation theory has been criticised for its lack of detailed explanation about the progress of development from one stage to another. It also assums that all countries start with the same resources and other geographical factors, such as population and climate. Many countries have found it more difficult to suggest
What are the 5 Stages of Rostow’s Theory
The 5 Stages Include:
- Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture, but produce little surplus (extra food when they could sell). This is a ‘subsistence economy’.
- Pre-conditions for take-off - There’s a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure. Agriculture produces cash crops for sale.
- Take-off - Growth is rapid. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. Take-oil requires investment lrom profits earned lrom overseas trade.
- Drive to Maturity - A period of growth. Technology is used throughout the economy. Industries produce consumer goods.
- Age if High Mass Consumption - A period of comfort. Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods. Societies choose how to spend wealth, either on military strength, on education and welfare, or on luxuries for the wealthy.
How is the Core Periphery ‘Dependancy Model’ laid out
Essentially, there are 3 ‘circles’:
- The outer most one contains the Periphery countries
- The middle on contains the Semi-Periphery countries
- The inner most one contains the Core countries
Raw Materials/Resources go to the Cire countries for low prices from both Periphery and Semi-Periphery countries, while more expensive manufactured products come out if the core and into the Periphery and Semi-Periphery countries, leaving the core countries with all of the profit.
What is Frank’s Dependancy Theory
In Frank’s theory (made in 1967), low-calue raw materials are traded between the periphery and the core. The core processes these into higher-value products, and becomes wealthy. Frank disagreed with Rostow, because he believed that historical trade was what had made countries poor in the first place. This meant he saw that poorer countries aren’t just simpler versions of wealthier countries, but are weaker members of a global economy, whose rules are decided by the wealthy.
How have periphery countries become dependant on the core countries
Developing countries have become dependant on developed ones, as sometimes they were colonised by them, causing poverty. Developed countries became rich at their expense by exploiting natural resources like: oil, metallic minerals, timber, tea, and coffee.
How does Capitalism benefit the Core countries
The capitalist system of world trade often benefits the developed countries as they are able to export more raw materials for low prices from developing countries, before turning them into manufactured goods which sell for higher prices.
How dies Capitalism lead to the Periphery countries losing out
The periphery countries lose out to capitalism, as they are usually forced into selling raw materials for low prices, due to the lack of infrastructure and manufacturing power they have in making these raw materials into finished products. As a result of this, the core countries can develop products that can be sold for higher prices, which these smaller countries have to buy.
Why and How does the Periphery depend on the Core countries
Periphery countries also ‘depend’ on core countries, as they are the countries that essentially decide the rules in terms of global trade, which these countries rely on yo import products.
How has Frank’s Dependancy Model been criticised
Criticisms of the dependancy theory are:
- Many countries in the developing world tha5 were never colonised (like Ethiopia) remain poor, whereas colonised countries like Singapore are now developed.
- Countries that followed the socialist model have largely remained poor (like Tanzania)
- Some poor countries have successfully developed (like South Korea)
- Rich-country influences today (neo-colonial) may be positive, for example aid without ties.
What is ‘Globalisation’
Golbalisation is a process by which places in the world are becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependant as a result of the hige increase in the global trade of goods, global companies, movement of people, and cultural exchange between different areas of the world.
What are Transnational Corporations? (+ Foreign Direct Investment)
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are companies that produce and sell products and are located in more than one country – e.g. Apple.
TNCs have spread since the 1990s. They have branches in many countries and often search the world looking for cheaper raw materials and labour. This is also called Foreign Direct Investment as a foreign company (USA) is investing into China to build a factory.
What do TNC’s help bring to a country
TNCs help increase globalisation by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods – such as Nike employing people in Turkey to make trainers
They also bring the culture from their country of origin to many different countries – e.g McDonalds brings western culture (fast food and meat) to other countries.
TNCS also promote a culture of consumerism – where countries in emerging and developing countries start to earn money and then want to buy the products that they see in developed countries – this makes lifestyles similar and TNCs wealthier!
What is an Export-Processing Zone (EPZ) and how does it help countries
An export-processing zone (EPZ) is a specific type of Free Trade Zone, set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. An EPZ is an industrial estate, usually a fenced-in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in manufacturing for export. It offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its objectives are to attract foreign investors, collaborators, and buyers who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy’s industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange.
An example of a country that is not fully open to globalisation is China, as they use EPZ’s to partly stay open to it. In these places, TNC’s are allowed to invest and manufacture in these areas. This idea of EPZ’S mean that most of the other areas around the country want to have their culture kept, and not diluted by foreign influences like invest and manufacture.
How do TNC’s help spread Globalisation?
TNC’s help spread globalisation around the world quicker than it would normally. One of the factors is definitely Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This is because when huge compaines put factories in certain areas, they will invest in the infrastructure surrounding the area, like roads, wifi networks and e.c.t, which will have a great affect on the area.
TNC’s also spread culture to different places too, because if lots if American factories are placed in developing countries, then people may start to stop carrying out their traditional roles/jobs they have in and around their community, and instead work for some Americanised factory instead.
This point will also increase consumerism, as if there is a huge Nike factory in the Philippeans for example, the people working/living in and around there will be seeing the products that are being made as a result of their work, which could open their mind to either wanting to buy Nike products, or at least more products like it. This could have an affect on their cultural fashion as a result.
How have Apple helped some Developing countries to develop
Apple have helped out many countries by outsourcing the manufacture of different components, like microelectronics being made in Taiwan, wifi chips in Japan, and memory processors in South Korea. This all means that the people making these products are more likely to be getting paid properly, which will mean they end up get a higher income. A higher income can lead to more taxes being paid to the government, which makes the country wealthier. In addition to this, the workers will have more disposable income, meaning they will start buying different Westernised products, diluting their traditional products and increasing globalisation.
What have certain International Political Organisations encouraged governemnts to increase in order to help some countries globalise.
International political organisations such as the EU, H20, G8, the UN, and the World Trade Organisation have encouraged governments to increase:
- Investment - countries compete with each other to attract TNC FDI as they have these will bring jobs, wealth, and taxes. (This will make the nation wealthier)
- Movement Of People - encourage freedom of migration. (This will allow the people of the nation to travel easier)
- Movement of products through free trade by removing trade barfiers like quotas and tariffs so it’s now much easier to move goods, money, and services between countries. (This will allow countries to trade more easily, allowing them to grow, develop, and globalise)
How and Why has Vietnam benefitted from Globalisation
Since 1990, Vietnam has seen rapid industrial growth, known as Industrialisation, which has lef to rapid changes. It’s an economic and social process.
- Economically, money has been invested in factories, to turn raw materials (primary products) into manufactured goods (secondary products), which adds value.
- Socially, it means wormers moving from rural areas to urban cities as most secondary jobs are in irban factories. As manufactured goods are worth more than raw materials, urban wages are higher than rural wages.
While Vietnam has benefitted from globalisation (many factory goods are exported, adding value to its GDP), Malawi is stuck, and it’s GDP remains low.
How do Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary jobs differ when a country is Pre-Industrial, Industrial, and Post-Industrial
Primary jobs start off high (around 70%) when pre-industrial, and fall as countries industrialise and become post industrial.
Secondary jobs start in the middle (around 20%), and rise when a country becomes industrial, but then dips a little when it becomes post industrial.
Tertirary jobs start off moderately low (around 10%), and rise when becoming industrial and rise higher than all the other sectors when being post-industrial
Quaternary jobs only even begin when a country is post-industrial and start to rise from there.
Where is India Located?
India is located in the south of Asia, partly in the tropic of cancer, between the countries of Bangladesh (East), Nepal (North-West), and Pakistan (West), while the northern regions border Afganistan and China. India also borders the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Laccadive Sea.
What is the Site of a Settlement?
The site of a settlement is the land upon on which it occurs.
What is the Situation of a Settlement
The situation of a settlement id it’s position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features - this now often includes a place’s connectivity with the world.
Site of India
(-Continent
- Capital and where it is
- Size of country
- Latitude
- Surrounding Waters
- Major Rivers
- Physical Land Masses)
Continent:
-Asia
Capital:
-New Delhi (located in the North)
Size of Country:
-3.287 million km^2
Latitude:
-20.6°N (between 8°N and 38°N)
Surrounding Waters:
- Indian Ocean
- Bay of Bengal
- Laccadive Sea
- Arabian Sea
Major Rivers:
- Brahaputra River
- Indus River
Physical Land Masses:
-Himalayan Mountain Range
Situation of India:
(- Neighbouring countries
- Political links with other countries in the world
- Member of global organisations
- Transport links)
- Pakistan and China, along with India have nuclear weapons at their disposal, however the two countries haven’t always got on with India
- They usually look south and east for trade links, as the Himalayas act as a physical barrier
- They have a world powerhouse neighbouring them in Japan, which will help them develop
- China and India are bith oredicted to be the top two nations for GDP worldwide
- Part if G20, Commonwealth, and UN
- Surrounded by rich countries like China, Indonesia, UAE, and Thailand
- 15 major sea ports, and 30 international airports.
Hie has India’s Site helped them grow economically
India’s site f being in the tropic of cancer has helped them in having a warm, tropical climate. This allows the nation to grow many different types of fruit and tropical plants and e.c.t, which means they have good resources to trade and make profut off of. This profit can be invested into the economy, as well as in certain areas of the country, heloping them to grow economically in other areas in future.
