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Biology > Paper 2 Topic 5 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function, in response to internal and external changes.
Maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing conditions

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1
Q

What is the role of a receptor?

A

Detects changes in the internal or external environment
To detect a stimulus

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2
Q

What is the role of an effector?

A

Brings about a response in the body

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3
Q

What is the role of the coordination centre?

A

Interprets changes and organises a response

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4
Q

Your automatic control systems keep your internal environment stable using a mechanism called ________ ________.

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

Why does the body need to maintain optimal conditions?

A

For optimal enzyme action and cell function.

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6
Q

What does homeostasis maintain? 3 types

A

Body temperature
Water levels
Blood glucose concentration

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7
Q

In what order are signals passed along the control system?

A

receptor ➔ coordination centre ➔ effector

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8
Q

Where are the coordination centres located in the body? give the 2

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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9
Q

Name the two types of effectors and state what they do.

A

Muscles contract and relax to bring about movement.
Glands release hormones.

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10
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Relies on electrical impulses that can travel very quickly.

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11
Q

What is the endocrine syststem?

A

Releasing hormones into the blood stream, which means they spread throughout the entire body.

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12
Q

What happens in the negative feedback system?

A

Any change in a system causes an action that reverses the change.

Example
Whenever the levels of something get too high, they’re brought back down.
Whenever the levels of something get too low, they’re brought back up.

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13
Q

What passes along nerve cells?

A

Electrical impulses

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14
Q

What is the gap between two neurones called?

A

Synapse

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15
Q

What is released across a synapse?

A

Chemicals

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16
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a receptor to the CNS

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17
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from the CNS to an effector

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18
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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19
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

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20
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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21
Q

What is the pathway of a reflex arc/ reflex pathway?

A

Stimulus ➔ receptor ➔ sensory neurone ➔ relay neurone ➔ motor neurone ➔ effector ➔ response

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22
Q

What are the two main types of effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

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23
Q

Give an example of a reflex:

A

1) Blinking when you get dust in your eye
2) Sneezing

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24
Q

Why are reflexes important?

A

They protect us from harm

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25
Q

What do glands do?

A

Glands are organs that release small chemicals called hormones.

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26
Q

How the endocrine system work? 4 steps

A

1) Glands release hormones
2) These chemicals travel around the body in the bloodstream
3) They bind to specific cells that have the correct receptors
4) This will bring about some change within the cells.

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27
Q

Give 2 facts about the pituitary gland:

A

1) It’s often referred to as the ‘master gland’
2) It releases multiple hormones
3) The hormones it releases control what other glands do

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28
Q

Which gland releases thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

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29
Q

What is the role of thyroxine?

A

Regulates metabolism

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30
Q

What happens if the level of thyroxine in the blood is too low?

A

If the level of thyroxine in the blood is too low, the pituitary gland will release more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

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31
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

Stimulates fight or flight response (higher heart rate etc)

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32
Q

Which organ is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal glands

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33
Q

Which organ is insulin released from?

A

Pancreas

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34
Q

Name 2 sex hormones that stimulate puberty:

A

Oestrogen
Testosterone

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35
Q

Which organ is testosterone released from?

A

Testes

36
Q

Which organ is oestrogen released from?

A

Ovaries

37
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

A change in the environment

38
Q

What happens if blood glucose concentrations fall too low?

A

There won’t be enough glucose for tissue cells to respire

39
Q

After eating, how does our blood glucose concentration change and why?

A

Blood glucose levels will increase after a meal as we absorb glucose from the food.

40
Q

Which organ detects changes in blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

41
Q

Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

42
Q

What are the two main organs that insulin stimulates to absorb glucose from the blood?

A

Liver and muscles

43
Q

When glucose is absorbed by the liver for long term storage, what molecule is it converted to?

A

Glycogen

44
Q

1) When blood glucose levels fall too ___, it’s detected by the ________.
2) This causes the pancreas to release the hormone ________ into the bloodstream.
3) This hormone then travels around the body, and binds mainly to cells in the _____.
4) This stimulates those liver cells to break down their stored ________ into _______ and release it into the blood.
5) This extra glucose increases blood glucose levels back up to normal.

A

1) When blood glucose levels fall too low, it’s detected by the pancreas.
2) This causes the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon into the bloodstream.
3) This hormone then travels around the body, and binds mainly to cells in the liver.
4) This stimulates those liver cells to break down their stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.
5) This extra glucose increases blood glucose levels back up to normal.

45
Q

What is puberty?

A

The period in which adolescents start to develop secondary sexual characteristics.

46
Q

Give 2 examples of secondary sexual characteristics

A

Increase in height
Deepening voice
More muscle mass

47
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

48
Q

Stage 1?

A

Menstruation - Period of bleeding as the uterus lining breaks down

49
Q

Stage 2?

A

Building up of the uterus lining

50
Q

Stage 3?

A

Ovulation - Release of the egg from the ovaries

51
Q

Stage 4?

A

Maintenance of uterus lining

52
Q

What happens after stage four if there is no fertilised egg?

A

Cycle starts again

53
Q

If a fertilised egg implants into the uterus lining then the menstrual cycle…

A

… stops and the lining is maintained.

54
Q

Which hormone stimulates the uterus lining to develop?

A

Oestrogen

55
Q

Which organ are both luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) released from?

A

Pituitary gland

56
Q

Which hormone stimulates the egg to be released around day 14 (ovulation)?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)

57
Q

Which hormone stimulates the egg follicle to mature?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

58
Q

Which hormone maintains the lining of the uterus?

A

Progesterone

59
Q

What is contraception?

A

A method or device used to prevent pregnancy

60
Q

Which hormones can hormonal contraceptives contain?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

61
Q

How can oestrogen act as a contraceptive?

A

Inhibit FSH production, so that eggs can’t mature

62
Q

How can progesterone act as a contraceptive?

A

Stimulate the production of mucus in the cervix, so sperm can’t enter the uterus

63
Q

Does the combined oral contraceptive pill (‘the pill’) contain oestrogen, progesterone, or both?

A

Both

64
Q

Which is longest and which is shortest lasting?
Intrauterine device
Contraceptive implant
Contraceptive injection
Contraceptive patch

A

Shortest: Patch
Longest: Device

65
Q

How does a spermicide act as a contraceptive?

A

Destroys sperm cells

66
Q

The diaphragm sits over the ______ to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

A

cervix

67
Q

If a women undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut and tied?

A

Fallopian tubes / oviducts

68
Q

If a man undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut and tied?

A

Sperm duct

69
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulate an egg to mature

70
Q

What does luteinising hormone do?

A

Stimulate an egg to be released (ovulation)

71
Q

If a woman cannot conceive naturally, she can be given ___ and __, which in many cases will restore fertility.

A

FSH
LH

72
Q

IVF stands for:

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

73
Q

The stages of in vitro fertilisation (5)

A

1) A woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate their eggs to mature.
2) These eggs can then be collected from the woman’s ovaries. Sperm is also collected from the male.
3) The eggs are then fertilised by the sperm.
4) These fertilised eggs are then left to grow into embryos in a laboratory incubator.
5) Once the embryos are large enough, they are transferred to the women’s uterus, so that they can develop into a foetus.

74
Q

What is Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?

A

Sperm is injected into an egg cell with a tiny needle

75
Q

Why are embryos kept in an incubator whilst in the laboratory?

A

To provide the optimum temperature for enzymes and thus cell growth

76
Q

Give 3 cons of IVF:

A

-> It can be stressful and emotionally upsetting
-> Can cause abdominal pain and vomiting
-> It doesn’t always work
-> High chance of multiple births and associated complications

77
Q

Why do some people think IVF is unethical? Give 1

A

-> It could lead to ‘designer babies’ if parents can select embryos with certain traits
-> Some embryos (which had the potential for human life) are destroyed

78
Q

During IVF, where are the egg and sperm mixed?

A

In a laboratory

79
Q

Which organ is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal gland

80
Q

When is adrenaline released?

A

When you’re scared

81
Q

Adrenaline causes changes in the body to prepare for a ‘fight or flight’ response.
Give 3 of these changes.

A

Increase heart rate
Increase blood pressure
Increase blood flow to muscles
Increases blood sugar (glucose) levels

82
Q

Adrenaline causes the conversion of which substances?

A

Glycogen ➔ glucose

83
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck

84
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increase your metabolic rate (the rate at which chemical reactions are taking place).

85
Q

How is the production of thyroxine regulated?

A

The pituitary gland produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
Thyroxine then inhibits the production of TSH from the pituitary gland.

86
Q

What happens if thyroxine levels are -> too low?
-> too high?

A

1) If thyroxine levels are too low - the pituitary gland will release TSH. This then stimulates the thyroid gland to release more thyroxine. So thyroxine levels in the blood increase back up to normal.

2) If thyroxine levels are too high - the thyroxine will inhibit the pituitary gland from producing TSH. Less TSH means that the thyroid gland won’t release as much thyroxine. So thyroxine levels in the blood fall back to normal.

87
Q

Which organ is TSH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

Biology (10 decks)

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