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Biology > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Small proteins produced by white blood cells that bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

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1
Q

What are the effects of non-communicable disease on society?

A

1) Family + friends may have to stop working or move home to help the person with the disease
2) Fewer people will be available to work and pay taxes
3) The disease will be costly to treat for the NHS

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2
Q

What type of drug is penicillin?

A

Antibiotic

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3
Q

Are protoctists (protists) harmful to humans?

A

Most protoctists have nothing to do with humans are are completely harmless.

A few protoctists are pathogens and can infect humans to cause harm (eg. ‘plasmodium’ which causes malaria)

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4
Q

What do we call the valves between the atria and ventricles

A

The right atrioventricular valve may also be called the tricuspid valve, while the left atrioventricular valve may also be called the bicuspid valve.

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5
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialised. It can involve the cell changing shape, size, and the combination of organelles it contains.

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6
Q

Why don’t animals always carry out aerobic respiration?

A

It requires oxygen, and during intense exercise there may not be enough oxygen.

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7
Q

Why do larger organisms require specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Their small surface area to volume ratio means they cannot exchange all the substances they need across their body’s surface.

Exchange surfaces provide a large surface area adapted specifically for exchanging substances.

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8
Q

Which type of cancer does smoking increase the risk of? Give 3

A

1) Lung
2) Mouth
3) Stomach
4) Breast

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9
Q

What substances are dissolved in the blood plasma?

A

1) Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol
2) Waste products - C02 and urea
3) Other - antibodies and hormones

Plasma also transports red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, but these are not dissolved in the plasma.

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10
Q

What colour change are you looking for in the Benedict’s tests?

A

Blue -> brick red

green or orange

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11
Q

Are all protists (protoctists) pathogens?

A

No, most protists (protoctists) are not pathogens.

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12
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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13
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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14
Q

Which are larger, eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic are larger

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15
Q

Are all bacteria pathogens?

A

No, only a small proportion of them cause disease. Most don’t have anything to do with humans, and some are even essential to human health.

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16
Q

Briefly outline what has to happen to new drugs before they can be prescribed to patients.

A

New medical drugs have to be tested and trialed before being used to check that they are safe and effective

Specifically, they are tested for toxicity, efficacy, and dose.

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17
Q

What do plant cells have which animal cells do not?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacoule

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18
Q

Define a cell membrane

A

Controls what substances pass in and out of the cell

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19
Q

Define cell wall

A

Rigid structure around the cell made up of cellulose and strengthens the cell

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20
Q

Define nucleus

A

Contains genetic information
Controls and regulates the activities of the cell

21
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions take place in the cell

22
Q

Define cellulose

A

Complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength.

23
Q

Define mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell - releases energy for the cell to use

24
Q

Define ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis in a cell

25
Q

Define chloroplasts

A

The organelles in which photosynthesis takes place
Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis

26
Q

Define chlorophyll

A

Absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis
Green pigment contained in the chloroplasts - gives plants their green colour.

27
Q

Describe the first stage of the cell cycle:

A

Stage 1) DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome.
Cell grows and copies internal structures eg. Mitochondria and ribosomes

28
Q

Describe the second stage of the cell cycle:

A

Mitosis takes place. One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of then cell. The nucleus also divides.

29
Q

Describe the third and final stage of the cell cycle:

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

30
Q

Give 3 reasons why is mitosis important:

A

1) Essential for growth and development of multicellular organisms (eg. Plants and animals)
2) Mitosis takes place when an organism repairs itself (eg, when a broken bone heals)
3) Mitosis happens during asexual reproduction

31
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

In sexual reproduction

32
Q

In meiosis, we begin with a ________ cell and end with 4 ________ gametes.

A

In meiosis, we begin with a diploid cell and end with 4 haploid gametes.

33
Q

What three things must you remember when drawing your observations of what you seen under the microscope:

A

Draw in pencil
Label the important features
Draw sub-cellular structures proportionally
Do not include colour or shading
Drawing must take up at least half of the space available

34
Q

What piece of equipment should you use to place the epidermal tissue of the onion onto the water on the slide?

A

Tweezers

35
Q

Briefly explain how you use a light microscope:

A

1) Clip the slide onto the stage
2) Select the lowest magnification objective lens
3) Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage until roughly in focus, looking down the eyepiece.
4) Adjust focus with fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image
5) For greater magnification, swap to a higher magnification objective lens and refocus.

36
Q

What should you use to stain the onion so you can highlight the sun cellular structures?

A

Iodine solution

37
Q

How do bacteria make us ill?

A

Bacteria make toxins (poisons) making us feel ill and are killed by antibiotics.

38
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

Viruses reproduce inside cells, damaging them.

Cannot be killed by antibiotics as they are protected by the body cell.

39
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Reduce symptoms but don’t actually cure the infection

40
Q

Measles: Symptom, how spread, how prevented

A

Fever + Red skin rash
Inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes
Prevented by vaccinations

41
Q

HIV: Symptom, how spread, how managed

A

First, flu-like illness.
AIDS occurs when immune system is unable to defend against infection.
Spread through exchange of bodily fluids eg, blood
Managed by antiretroviral drugs but once AIDS has occurred it cannot be reversed.

42
Q

Give 3 examples of viral communicable diseases

A

Measles
HIV
TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus)

43
Q

TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus): How affected, how spread, how managed

A

Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves of infected plants.
Affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
Spreads through contact or contaminated tools
Managed by removing infected leaves, cleaning tools and rotating crops

44
Q

Types of white blood cells:

A

Phagocytes:
- engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)

Lymphocytes:
- Produce antitoxins
- Produce antibodies

45
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A

Involves introducing small quantities of inactive or dead forms of pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies so that if the same pathogen re-enters the body, antibodies can be produced rapidly.

46
Q

What are drugs tested for? Give 3

A

Safety
Effectiveness
Dosage

47
Q

Wha are the three stages of drug testing?

A

Pre-clinical testing:
1) Drugs tested on human skin cells.
2) Tested on live animals (efficacy, toxicity)

Clinical testing:
Give to healthy volunteers (low dose then increase dose)
Looking for optimum dosage
Efficacy and toxicity

Blind and placebo
Double-blind trials - neither doctor nor patients know
Half volunteers real drug, half volunteers placebo

Written up and peer reviewed to test if tests were fair

48
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Uses electrical impulses which travel down neurones.
Signalling is very fast.

49
Q

How are nerve cells adapted?

A

Long and thin to carry messages around the body quickly

50
Q

Type 1?

A

Insufficient insulin

51
Q

Type 2?

A

Body cells no longer respond to insulin produced in the pancreas

Biology (10 decks)

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