Paper 2: section A

Question 1

define mass

Answer 1

the quantity of matter a body possesses.

Question 2

define weight, give equation

Answer 2

the gravitational force exerted on an object
mass X acceleration due to gravity

Question 3

define displacement, give equation

Answer 3

total change in an object’s COM between start point and end point
velocity x time

Question 4

define velocity, give equation

Answer 4

rate at which an object undergoes displacement
displacement/time

Question 5

define momentum, give equation

Answer 5

amount of movement an object/body has
mass x velocity

Question 6

state newtons first law

Answer 6

an object or body will remain stationary/moving in a linear motion until an external force acts upon it.

Question 7

state newtons second law

Answer 7

the acceleration of a body or object is proportional to the force exerted. greater force results in greater acceleration

Question 8

state newtons third law, apply it to a 100m sprinter in the blocks

Answer 8

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
action force is the sprinter applying muscular force against the block
reaction force is emerging from the block against the action force, providing forward acceleration

Question 9

state the 4 factors that affect stability

Answer 9

mass of performer
area of base of support
position of line of gravity
height of centre of mass

Question 10

explain how the mass of a performers affects stability

Answer 10

greater mass results in greater inertia (greater resistance), which increases stability

Question 11

explain how the area of base of support affects a performers stability.

Answer 11

if a performer has more contact points with the ground, they are more stable:
e.g. headstand vs handstand

Question 12

explain how the position of line of gravity affects a performers stability

Answer 12

if the line of gravity is central over the base of support, then stability is increased.

Question 13

state the 3 factors that affect horizontal displacement

Answer 13

angle of release
speed of release
height of release

Question 14

explain what the optimum release angle is for:
a.) long jump
b.) tennis ball (serve)
c.) high jump

Answer 14

a.) 45, because the release and landing height are equal
b.) less than 45, because the release height is higher than the landing height
c.) greater than 45*, because the release height is lower than the landing height

Question 15

define horizontal displacement

Answer 15

the shortest distance from start to finish in a straight line

Question 16

explain how the speed of release of a projectile impacts its horizontal displacement

Answer 16

greater release velocity (due to greater force applied during release) results in greater horizontal displacement

Question 17

explain how the height of release of a projectile impacts its horizontal displacement

Answer 17

the higher the release height, the greater the horizontal displacement. e.g. shot put

Question 18

does a shotput have a parabolic or non parabolic flight path, why

Answer 18

parabolic, because it has a large weight force and less air resistance

Question 19

does a shuttlecock have a parabolic or non parabolic flight path?
explain why

Answer 19

the shuttlecock has a light weight force and unique shape. it has more air resistance.

Question 20

explain what the term “impulse” means, give the equation

Answer 20

change in momentum

impulse (N/S) =
Force (N) X Time (S)

Question 21

explain how a golfer would increase their impulse during a drive

Answer 21

• follow through swing
• increases the time that the club is in contact with the ball when exhibiting force.
• :. increases impulse

Question 22

explain how a cricketer reduces the impulse when catching a cricket ball

Answer 22

• bringing the ball into their body whilst catching it
• increases the time that the ball is in the hands, slowing the ball down

Question 23

during a sprint start, describe what an impulse graph would be showing

Answer 23

a small negative impulse
very large positive impulse
why: because the performer is accelerating, :. the + impulse must be larger than the -

Question 24

explain what an impulse graph would be showing in the middle of a 100m race

Answer 24

equal + and - impulses
why: because the performer is moving at a constant velocity, :. the impulses must be equal

Question 25

explain what an impulse graph would show for a performer at the end of a 100m race

Answer 25

very large - impulse
small + impulse
why: because the performer is decelerating, so the - impulse must be greater than the + impulse

Question 26

explain what drag force is

Answer 26

force acting in opposite to motion
combination of friction and air resistance

Question 27

distinguish the 2 types of drag

Answer 27

surface drag: friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment

form drag: the impact of molecules on the leading and trail edge of an object or body

Question 28

give an example of how surface drag is reduced by elite performers in any sport

Answer 28

swimmers shave and wear smooth clothing to reduce friction in races

Question 29

give an example of how elite performers reduce their form drag in any sport

Answer 29

cyclists
drafting, to create a slip stream to reduce drag and increase velocity

Question 30

state the 3 factors that affect drag.

Answer 30

1. velocity of a moving object
2. cross sectional area of the moving body/object
3. shape and surface characteristics of a moving body

Question 31

which vitamin is used for energy release during exercise

Answer 31

B12

Question 32

explain what a hyperbaric chamber is, and how it aids recovery from exercise.
(5)

Answer 32

• highly pressured environment, 100% oxygen
• means that more oxygen is being inhaled, and so haemoglobin becomes fully saturated
• helps to reduce swelling
• stimulates white blood cell production
• removes lactic acid

Question 33

explain the benefits of including weight training as part of a boxers regime

Answer 33

• increases muscular strength: boxer can perform more explosive jabs, with more power
• increases muscular endurance: allows boxer to sustain their intensity throughout the rounds
• free weights can be manipulated to replicate the nature of the sport

Question 34

discuss the importance of fat intake for a long distance cyclist

Answer 34

GOOD:
- fat allows for a slow release of energy, able to maintain the intensity throughout the duration
- use of fat for respiration preserves glycogen stores, which can be used later to maintain the exercise intensity
BAD:
- too much fat intake in diet can increase the risk of heart/vascular disease
- can cause weight gain; therefore energy expenditure will be higher due to carrying more weight=less efficient

Question 35

outline the components of periodisation

Answer 35

macrocycle: usually 1 year long, involves long term performance goal

mesocycle: 4-12 weeks long with specific targeted outcome e.g. focusing on component of fitness

microcycle: short ; around 1 week long, with a focused block of training