Paper 2: section A Flashcards
define mass
the quantity of matter a body possesses.
define weight, give equation
the gravitational force exerted on an object
mass X acceleration due to gravity
define displacement, give equation
total change in an object’s COM between start point and end point
velocity x time
define velocity, give equation
rate at which an object undergoes displacement
displacement/time
define momentum, give equation
amount of movement an object/body has
mass x velocity
state newtons first law
an object or body will remain stationary/moving in a linear motion until an external force acts upon it.
state newtons second law
the acceleration of a body or object is proportional to the force exerted. greater force results in greater acceleration
state newtons third law, apply it to a 100m sprinter in the blocks
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
action force is the sprinter applying muscular force against the block
reaction force is emerging from the block against the action force, providing forward acceleration
state the 4 factors that affect stability
mass of performer
area of base of support
position of line of gravity
height of centre of mass
explain how the mass of a performers affects stability
greater mass results in greater inertia (greater resistance), which increases stability
explain how the area of base of support affects a performers stability.
if a performer has more contact points with the ground, they are more stable:
e.g. headstand vs handstand
explain how the position of line of gravity affects a performers stability
if the line of gravity is central over the base of support, then stability is increased.
state the 3 factors that affect horizontal displacement
angle of release
speed of release
height of release
explain what the optimum release angle is for:
a.) long jump
b.) tennis ball (serve)
c.) high jump
a.) 45, because the release and landing height are equal
b.) less than 45, because the release height is higher than the landing height
c.) greater than 45*, because the release height is lower than the landing height
define horizontal displacement
the shortest distance from start to finish in a straight line
explain how the speed of release of a projectile impacts its horizontal displacement
greater release velocity (due to greater force applied during release) results in greater horizontal displacement
explain how the height of release of a projectile impacts its horizontal displacement
the higher the release height, the greater the horizontal displacement. e.g. shot put
does a shotput have a parabolic or non parabolic flight path, why
parabolic, because it has a large weight force and less air resistance
does a shuttlecock have a parabolic or non parabolic flight path?
explain why
the shuttlecock has a light weight force and unique shape. it has more air resistance.
explain what the term “impulse” means, give the equation
change in momentum
impulse (N/S) =
Force (N) X Time (S)
explain how a golfer would increase their impulse during a drive
- follow through swing
- increases the time that the club is in contact with the ball when exhibiting force.
- :. increases impulse
explain how a cricketer reduces the impulse when catching a cricket ball
- bringing the ball into their body whilst catching it
- increases the time that the ball is in the hands, slowing the ball down
during a sprint start, describe what an impulse graph would be showing
a small negative impulse
very large positive impulse
why: because the performer is accelerating, :. the + impulse must be larger than the -
explain what an impulse graph would be showing in the middle of a 100m race
equal + and - impulses
why: because the performer is moving at a constant velocity, :. the impulses must be equal
explain what an impulse graph would show for a performer at the end of a 100m race
very large - impulse
small + impulse
why: because the performer is decelerating, so the - impulse must be greater than the + impulse
explain what drag force is
force acting in opposite to motion
combination of friction and air resistance
distinguish the 2 types of drag
surface drag: friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment
form drag: the impact of molecules on the leading and trail edge of an object or body
give an example of how surface drag is reduced by elite performers in any sport
swimmers shave and wear smooth clothing to reduce friction in races
give an example of how elite performers reduce their form drag in any sport
cyclists
drafting, to create a slip stream to reduce drag and increase velocity
state the 3 factors that affect drag.
- velocity of a moving object
- cross sectional area of the moving body/object
- shape and surface characteristics of a moving body
which vitamin is used for energy release during exercise
B12
explain what a hyperbaric chamber is, and how it aids recovery from exercise.
(5)
- highly pressured environment, 100% oxygen
- means that more oxygen is being inhaled, and so haemoglobin becomes fully saturated
- helps to reduce swelling
- stimulates white blood cell production
- removes lactic acid
explain the benefits of including weight training as part of a boxers regime
- increases muscular strength: boxer can perform more explosive jabs, with more power
- increases muscular endurance: allows boxer to sustain their intensity throughout the rounds
- free weights can be manipulated to replicate the nature of the sport
discuss the importance of fat intake for a long distance cyclist
GOOD:
- fat allows for a slow release of energy, able to maintain the intensity throughout the duration
- use of fat for respiration preserves glycogen stores, which can be used later to maintain the exercise intensity
BAD:
- too much fat intake in diet can increase the risk of heart/vascular disease
- can cause weight gain; therefore energy expenditure will be higher due to carrying more weight=less efficient
outline the components of periodisation
macrocycle: usually 1 year long, involves long term performance goal
mesocycle: 4-12 weeks long with specific targeted outcome e.g. focusing on component of fitness
microcycle: short ; around 1 week long, with a focused block of training
