paper 2: Sect B sports psychology Flashcards
define trait
a quality/ aspect of personality that is inherited
explain what competitive trait anxiety is
a performers natural tendancy to be anxious in all sporting situations
explain what competitive state anxiety is
a performers anxiety levels that vary between specific sporting situations
define aggression
hostile behaviour displayed with intent to cause harm
define assertiveness
well motivated behaviour within the rules
explain the term catharsis
a state of relaxation after using sport as an outlet for agression
explain what achievement motivation theory is
theory developed by atkinson
suggests that in demanding situations performers will exhibit either “NACH” or “NAF” qualities, usually determined by their core personality.
describe the personality characteristics of a NAF performer:
behaviour
self efficacy
feedback
avoidance behaviour
low self efficacy
dislikes competition
dislikes feedback
may experience learned helplessness
attributes failure internally
describe the personality characteristis of a NACH performer
approach behaviour
high self efficacy
enjoys competition
welcomes feedback
attributes success internally
define social facilitation
the positive effects of high arousal on performance, triggered by the presence of others during performance
define social inhibition
the negative effects of high arousal on performance, triggered by the persence of others during performance.
define social loafing
an individuals loss of motivation in a group and so exhibiting less effort.
state what the acronym SMARTER stands for in goal setting
specific
measurable
achievable
realistic
time bound
evaluate
re-do
explain what attributions are
perceptions of the reasons for an outcome of an event
explain the term “learned helplessness”
when a performer doubts their ability to complete a task
define self efficacy
a performers levels of confidence in thier ability to perform in specific sporting situations
define self esteem
overall sense of self worth and personal value
explain what biofeedback is
using a machine to monitor the bodys responses- HR, breathing patterns
draw Fiedlers contigency model of leadership and explain it
mark using poster
outline the characteristics of an autocratic leader, and when the use of this leadership style would be most beneficial. (6)
- dictatorial
- sole decision maker
- task orientated
- task is dangerous
- time is limited
- performers are in cognitive stage
outline the characteristics of a democratic leader, and when the use of this leadership style would be most beneficial. (5)
- group members are all involved in decision making
- small groups
- lots of time available
- autonomous performers
- well established groups
outline the characteristics of a laissez-faire leader, and when this leadership style would be most beneficial. (4)
- hands off approach
- group members make all the decisions
- autonomous group
- when problem solving approach is required
draw chelladurais multi-dimensional leadership model, and explain it
mark using mindmap
outline cognitive measures to manage stress (5)
- mental rehearsal: rehearsing performance in head prior to match/game + clarity of skill
- visualisation/imagery: recalling previous successful executions of the skill
- cue utilisation: sustaining focus on the correct cues in the environment with their level of arousal
- positive self talk: verbally reminding oneself the key points of the movement, encouraging yourself that you can achieve
- negative thought stopping: replacing negative thoughts with progressive ones
outline somatic strategies to manage stress. (4)
- biofeedback: using physiological data to understand which situations cause the most stress, and evaluating the effectiveness of strategies to reduce stress
- breathing control: concentrating on rate and depth, to regain focus on task at hand rather than anxious feelings
- centring: concentrating of centre of body and breathing in, breathing out and saying encouraging words (affirmations)
- progressive muscular relaxation: tensing, holding, and relaxing each muscle in the body.
outline and evaluate the different methods used to measure anxiety. (6)
observations: watching performer, before, during and after play to gauge their anxiety levels
- very subjective
- time consuming
- behaviour may not be the norm due to knowledge of being observed
+ takes place during play: not second hand
questionnaires: performer answers statements e.g. SCAT
+ cheap
+ efficient
+ gathers a lot of info
- are the answers truthful?
- is the performer putting answers they perceive as desirable to the coach?
physiological measures: using equipment during play to monitor HR/BP/ETC to provide biofeedback
+ objective, quantitative data
- wearing monitors during play may restrict performers movement
- knowledge of being monitored may increase performers anxiety (HR+) and so figures may not be representative
outline the factors that can impact the formation of an attitude. (4)
- past experiences: previous positive experiences through wins/praise contribute to a positive attitude. however, previous negative experiences from losses/injury may contribute to a negative attitude, decrease in confidence in abilities of a performer
- socialisation: performer may adopt the positive/negative attitudes about sport projected from their families during upbringing (primary)
- social learning: performer may adopt the views of significant others (family/teachers/peers) e.g. if a peer holds a - attitude about a sport and refuses participation, it is likely that the performer will show the same attitude and behaviour
- media: high profile role models usually display positive attitudes, which may be adopted by general society members as they look up to these role models
outline and explain the triadic model of attitudes, with reference to tennis. (6)
- cognitive:
- beliefs & thoughts
- performer believes they can be a successful tennis player - affective:
- emotions/feelings
- performer enjoys training sessions, and feels motivated afterwards - behavioural:
- actions/responses
- performer trains x times per week and competes in the sunday tennis league
state the general strategies used to try and change the attitude of an individual (4)
- ensuring positive & successful experiences
- praising positive attitudes & behaviour
- punishing negative attitudes and behaviour
- using positive role models to highlight positive attitudes
explain the concept of persuasive communication, provide an example.
explain why this method has limited effectiveness
(3)
- usually carried out by a significant other to the performer
- encouragement to adopt the SO’s positive attitude rather than their negative one
- limited effectiveness as the individual must want to change themselves
explain the concept of cognitive dissonance
- state when an individuals attitude components all match (cognitive/affective/behavioural) they are in a state of cognitive consonance
- dissonance is achieved by creating unease within one/more of the attitude components
-> changing at least one of the negative attitudes into a positive one - this causes the individual to change their attitude
