Paper 2 - Regenerating Places Case Studies

Question 1

What is our home/local place?

Answer 1

Westgate, Newcastle Upon Tyne

Question 2

What is our contrasting place?

Answer 2

Amble, Northumberland

Question 3

Why has our local place been chosen?

Answer 3

Chosen as it is close to college and is an urban area

Question 4

Why has our contrasting place been chosen?

Answer 4

Rural location in a different locality but still in close proximity

Question 5

Was the regeneration of the Helix bottom up or top down?

Answer 5

Top down

Question 6

Who were the three stakeholders involved in the Helix regeneration project?

Answer 6

Newcastle City Council, Newcastle University and Legal and General

Question 7

What was the brownfield site of the Helix previously used for?

Answer 7

Brewery for Newcastle Brown Ale

Question 8

Why did the Helix site need to be regenerated?

Answer 8

Disused buildings, poor environmental quality (graffiti, lots of litter), opportunity for employment

Question 9

What industry is the Helix predominately focused on?

Answer 9

Quaternary - specifically ageing, innovations in energy

Question 10

What are the positives of the Helix regeneration in the eyes of stakeholders?

Answer 10

• Newcastle University - allows students to use and share knowledge with companies and the students can go on and work in companies after graduation
• Newcastle City Council and Legal and General - benefitting from increasing businesses utilising the area boosting the local economy and creating a multiplier effect
  Environmental quality has improved - more pedestrianised areas some green space, cafes and seating areas.

Question 11

What are the negatives of the Helix regeneration in the eyes of stakeholders?

Answer 11

• Summerhill residents - have no connection to the project, unaware of what activity is taking place on the site. Say that the buildings are an eyesore and extensive building has created noise pollution for nearly 10 years.
• local residents - no longer have the experience/qualifications for the jobs at the Helix, may rely on in-migration.
  -a “bleak, charmless desert”

Question 12

What type of regeneration is the Newcastle Quayside?

Answer 12

Tourism and cultural led regeneration

Question 13

Why did the Newcastle Quayside need to be regenerated?

Answer 13

High levels of unemployment and deprivation, unused areas, high levels of abandoned buildings, polluted.

Question 14

What regeneration was put in place at the Quayside?

Answer 14

-£2 million implemented to improve 15 historic buildings.
-Turned Baltic from a disused flour mill to a cultural arts hub.
-Built the Sage - now called the Glasshouse (Gateshead side)
- Development of the first turning bridge (Millennium Bridge.) improving connectivity for pedestrians between Newcastle and Gateshead
-Transformation of a disused factory to hotel (Malmaison).
- Creation of Newcastle Business Park which houses offices for British Airways.

Question 15

Who were the financial stakeholders involved in the Quayside regeneration?

Answer 15

Public investment - led by Central Governments Tyne and Wear Development Corporation started the regeneration (£430 million) and then private investment followed(£1,114 million). Local government struggled to invest due to lack of financial powers but Gateshead Council did contribute towards the financing of the Millennium Bridge.

Question 16

What are the positives of the Quayside regeneration according to stakeholders?

Answer 16

-The BALTIC has created an estimated 500 jobs and draws £5 million annually into the local economy.
-Tourism figures for the city show consistently strong growth with the most recent figures placing it second in the country for year on year visitor growth. Newcastle’s 7% growth figure is significantly ahead of the national average of 4% and London at 2%.
- Quayside succesfully rebranded as per government vision.
-Culture-led regeneration has not only improved the image of the city and the quality of its places, it is a significant contributor to the economy through tourism and employment.
- Has become a cultural hub for creatives which also benefits the neighbouring area of Ouseburn.
- Multiplier effect - more shops, restaurants and hotels have opened up as a result of the success.

Question 17

What are the negatives of the Quayside regeneration according to stakeholders?

Answer 17

-Local residents - house prices have increased which has driven locals out of the area
-Gentrification - Quayside has become more suited to middle classes
- Increasing popularity creates more overcrowding and congestion into the area.

Question 18

Was the regeneration of Newcastle Quayside bottom up or top down?

Answer 18

Top down

Question 19

What are the future plans for the Quayside? Why are these contested?

Answer 19

• Malmo Quay apartment blocks on disused land - Council and Free Trade Inn Pub reject this due to fears of blocking views of the Tyne and the Tyne Bridge
• Whey Aye Wheel complex with building housing restaurants - failed planning permission and Cycle Hub against this as it would mean this needs to be demolished for the development of the site.

Question 20

What were the demographics of Westgate like in the 1960’s?

Answer 20

Lack of diversity due to expensive travel, working class families, terraced homes in Walker and Byker housing workers and family, middle aged individuals.

Question 21

What were the demographics of Westgate like in the 1980’s?

Answer 21

Still predominately families of shipbuilding workers, working class as those who could afford out to new developments such as Kingston Park did. A little bit more diversity due to a little bit cheaper travel and development of universities. Started to see movement into retail with the opening of Eldon Square in 1976.

Question 22

What are the demographics like in Westgate in the present day?

Answer 22

20-24 year olds dominant population (34.4% of population) due to the presence of two universities.
Level 4 qualifications dominate in the population (43.1% got level 4 or higher)
38.7% economically active.
65.1% white, 21% Asian population, 5.1% Black/Caribbean (more info on Teams).

Question 23

How have global influences influenced Westgate to change historically and in the present day?

Answer 23

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively
increased trade and cultural exchange.
* HISTORICAL Influenced the decline of the shipbuilding industry due to cheaper labour abroad and quicker
transportation
* Transport has encouraged increased tourists and international students which attend prestigious universities
such as Newcastle University.
* Global brands (TNCs) in Westgate such as McDonalds, Pandora, Apple, Five Guys to name a few.

Question 24

How have supranational scale stakeholders influenced Westgate to change overtime?

Answer 24

Finance for Business functions in Westgate. This strategy provides investment funds to businesses in the area. This has
been made possible by a collaboration between the European Investment Bank (EIB), European Regional Development
Fund (ERDF) and government. The EIB has provided funding of £62.5 million, with ERDF and the government supplying
the remaining £62 million

Question 25

How has the national government influenced changes to Westgate both historically and in the present day?

Answer 25

HISTORICAL 1980’s - Lack of national government support for both the shipbuilding and coal mining industry,
Thatcher ended up privatising the industries and stopped providing support
* HISTORICAL The UK’s 1981 recession led to sharp fall in manufacturing output due to appreciation in the exchange
rate (making exports uncompetitive), high-interest rates and depressed demand. However, the fall in manufacturing
output became prolonged with many former industries never recovering from this particular shock.
* The government set up the Tyne and Wear Development Corporation which played a vital role in the funding and
regeneration of the Quayside.
* The UK government has created an Innovation Strategy which sets out the government’s vision to make the UK a
global hub for innovation by 2035. One way in which they are aiming to do this is by promoting science and
technology parks on a national basis.
* More recently the government’s British Energy Security Strategy sets out how Great Britain will accelerate the
deployment of wind, new nuclear, solar and hydrogen, whilst supporting the production of domestic oil and gas in
the nearer term – which could see 95% of electricity by 2030 being low carbon. This is encouraging the activity on the North Bank of the Tyne where shipbuilding activities now take place within companies such as Smulders, Shepard Offshore and Technip. The government have seen potential in this specific area with energy as they have provided Enterprise Zone status to North Bank of the Tyne.

Question 26

How has local and regional factors influenced change in Westgate?

Answer 26

The North East Local Enterprise Partnership is one of 36 LEP’s across England. They focus on initiating funding
for key areas and sectors.
* Local companies such as Shepherd Offshore located on the North Bank of the Tyne have helped Westgate’s
former shipbuilding area diversify into other avenues such as offshore oil and gas and more recently offshore
wind.
* Increase in tertiary (service) sector with the opening of Eldon Square in 1976 and further expansion in 1980
and 2010 (cost £170 million). Some of the funding was provided by Newcastle City Council.
* Local universities have improved and expanded for instance Newcastle University in 2010 (at a cost of £200
million).
* Increase in the science and technology innovation, with the building of the Helix in Westgate, which started in
2017 and is still expanding today. This was funded by local actors of Newcastle University and Newcastle City
Council as well as the private investor Legal and General.
* Funding from Nexus through all change modernisation programme, worth around £350m over 11 years,
providing a step change in comfort and reliability for Tyne and Wear passengers.
* Funding into Newcastle International Airport from 7 local authorities and AMP Capital (private funding) to grow national and global reach.

Question 27

What were the demographics of Amble like in the 1960’s?

Answer 27

Working age and families
White British no diversity
6.5% unemployed compared to 1.5% national average due to closure of coal industry in 1965.

Question 28

What were the demographics of Amble like in the 1980’s?

Answer 28

30% of the 6,000 population unemployed
White British no diversity
Some people migrated out of the area – particularly affluent people.

Question 29

What are the demographics of Amble like in the present day?

Answer 29

Aged 55-59 = 8.5%
Aged 60-64 = 8.4%
Aged 65-69 = 7.0%
51.4% economically active, 45.1% economically inactive, 57.3% Christian, 98.7% White

Question 30

What global influences have influenced Amble historically?

Answer 30

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
* HISTORICAL Influenced the decline of the coal mining industry due to cheaper labour abroad and quicker transportation.

Question 31

How have supranational elements caused change to Amble?

Answer 31

The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development provided funding for the improvement of its main
retailing street, Queen Street

Question 32

How have national government influenced changes to occur in Amble (historically and in the present day)?

Answer 32

HISTORICAL 1960’s - Lack of national government support for the coal mining industry, Thatcher
ended up privatising the industries and stopped providing support.
* The UK Government’s aim is to build a vibrant and sustainable marine fishing industry by taking
exclusive responsibility for managing fisheries resources within our own waters. Sustainable fishing
in Amble.
* National private company – The Inn Group: invested and set up The Amble Inn restaurant and hotel.

Question 33

How have regional and local stakeholders influenced change to take place in Amble?

Answer 33

To revitalise the area after the deindustrialisation (decline of traditional industries in a region) the local
government, Northumberland County Council, regional stakeholder the North East Local Enterprise
Partnership as well as a local charity the Amble Development Trust have influenced Amble to become a
seafood hub through the creation of the Amble Harbour Village Development.
The Ambler – local newspaper set up and encourages economic development by promoting the charity work
from the Amble Development Trust

Question 34

When was the vision for the Seafood Hub created?

Answer 34

2013

Question 35

Who created the vision of the seafood hub?

Answer 35

Amble Development Trust, Northumberland County Council, Warkworth Harbour
Commissioners, Amble Business Club and the North East Local Enterprise Partnership

Question 36

How much was secured from the Government’s Coastal Communities fund?

Answer 36

£1.8 million

Question 37

How many retail pods are in Amble?

Answer 37

15

Question 38

What kind of regeneration did Amble experience?

Answer 38

Retail led

Question 39

Was Amble’s regeneration bottom up or top down?

Answer 39

Bottom up

Question 40

What are the positives of the Amble’s regeneration according to stakeholders?

Answer 40

• increased jobs
• increased community feel
• change of identity (adapted rebranding)

Question 41

What are the negatives of the Amble’s regeneration according to stakeholders?

Answer 41

• rising house prices as a result of second homeownership
• increasing congestion and litter as a result of increased tourists.

Question 42

What does deprivation look like Westgate?

Answer 42

OVERALL: 18,149
Income deprivation: 30,736
Employment deprivation: 31,432
Education, skills and training deprivation:12,786
Health and disability deprivation: 8,375
Crime deprivation: 9,971
Barriers to housing and services deprivation: 9,766
Living environment deprivation: 6,992

Question 43

What does deprivation look like in Amble?

Answer 43

OVERALL: 11,561
Income deprivation: 10,564
Employment deprivation: 8,604
Education, skills and training deprivation: 6,024
Health and disability deprivation: 10,092
Crime deprivation: 10,744
Barriers to housing and services deprivation: 30,463
Living environment deprivation: 31,600