Paper 2 - Globalisation EQ2

Question 1

What is the ‘global shift’?

Answer 1

The global shift is the relocating of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North America, over the last 30 years

Question 2

Why has there been a global shift?

Answer 2

It has been driven by improvements in transport and communications, plus the lowering of trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up to FDI. Labour-intensive manufacturing was attracted to Asia by the large amounts of workers willing to work for low wage rates

Question 3

What are the the major economic, social and environmental changes associated with globalisation in Asia?

Answer 3

-poverty reduction and waged work
-education and training
environment and resource pressure
-infrastructure, the built environment and unplanned settlements

Question 4

Why have US and UK businesses outsourced so much work to India?

Answer 4

-Many Indians are fluent English speakers, giving them a comparative advantage for call centre services
-Broadband capacity is unusually high in the city of Bangladore, it is a long established technology hub

Question 5

What are the costs of global outsourcing of services to India?

Answer 5

-some business process workers report they are exploited
-work can be high repetitive
-huge gap between rich and poor (80 million living in extreme poverty)

Question 6

What are the benefits of global outsourcing of services to India?

Answer 6

-Indian call centre workers earn good middle class wages by Indian standards
-Indian outsourcing companies have become extremely profitable

Question 7

What are the costs of global outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

Answer 7

-in early years, many workers exploited in sweatshops
-environment continues to suffer greatly, air pollution reduces Chinese life expectancy by 5 years

Question 8

What are the benefits of global outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

Answer 8

-people enjoying large income gains, can afford smartphones and car ownerships grown to 1 in 5
-transfer of technology, meaning local compaines have adopted tech and management techniques brought to China by TNCs

Question 9

What are the benefits of the global shift?

Answer 9

-infrastructure investment
-waged work
-poverty reduction
-education and training

Question 10

What are the costs of the global shift?

Answer 10

-loss of productive land
-unplanned settlements
-environmental and resource pressure

Question 11

What are the major environmental problems facing communities in developing countries as a result of global shift?

Answer 11

-air and water pollution
-land degradation
-over exploitation of resources
-loss of biodiversity

Question 12

What are some examples of environmental challenges for communities in developing countries as a result of global shift?

Answer 12

Indonesia - deforestation of 13 million hectares of rainforest due to demand for palm oil plantations, biodiversity suffers as a result

Question 13

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 13

The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries

Question 14

What are the challenges of deindustrialisation as a result of global shift?

Answer 14

-high unemployment
-rising crime rates
-depopulation
-dereliction
-contamination
consider Westgate as an example

Question 15

What is an internal migrant?

Answer 15

Someone who moves from place to place inside the borders of a country - most commonly from rural to urban areas.

Question 16

What is an economic migrant?

Answer 16

A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment

Question 17

What are intervening obstacles?

Answer 17

Barriers to a migrant such as a political border or physical feature

Question 18

What are some urban pull factors?

Answer 18

-employment (the hope of promotion and advancement into -professional roles that are non existent in rural areas)
-better schooling
-better healthcare

Question 19

What are some rural push factors?

Answer 19

-poverty, aggravated by population growth
-agricultural modernisation and mechanisation
-resource scarcity

Question 20

How do shrinking world technologies contribute to rural to urban migration?

Answer 20

-rural dwellers gain knowledge of the outside world and it’s opportunities
-people become ‘switched on’ as knowledge is shared
-transport improvements remove intervening obstacles to migration

Question 21

What is natural increase?

Answer 21

The difference between a society’s crude birth rate and crude death rate

Question 22

What is a megacity?

Answer 22

A city with a population of 10 million or more

Question 23

What is an example of a megacity?

Answer 23

Shenzhen, China

Question 24

What is a global hub?

Answer 24

A highly globally connected city, or the home region of a globally connected community. A settlement or region that has become a focal point for business activities witha global influence

Question 25

What are elite international migrants?

Answer 25

Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals - their wealth derives form their profession or inherited assets

Question 26

What are low waged international migrants?

Answer 26

Migrants who work for a low income with little skill e.g. India to UAE - 2015, 27% of UAE population was from India

Question 27

What natural resources can help a global hub to develop?

Answer 27

Oil resources, physical factors aiding the growth of industry, coastline ideal for trade, strategic location to encourage investment

Question 28

What human resources can help global hubs to develop?

Answer 28

Large labour force, skilled labour (e.g. universities), affluence, languages spoken

Question 29

What are the benefits of migration to a host region?

Answer 29

-fills particular skills shortages
-economic migrants willing to do labouring work that locals don’t want to
-migrants pay tax
-migrants can start up businesses

Question 30

What are the costs of migration to the host nation?

Answer 30

-social tensions arise due to migrant controversy
-political parties change policies to address public concerns
-new markets develop for ethnic food, bringing tension

Question 31

What are benefits of migration to a source region?

Answer 31

-migrant remittances contribute to national earnings
-less public spending on housing and health
-migrants may return with new skills
-government spending costs transferred to new region

Question 32

What are the costs of migration to a source region?

Answer 32

-economic loss of a generation of human resources
-reduced economic growth as consumption falls
-increased proportion of aged dependents
-closure of urban services and entertainment
-brain drain

Question 33

What is interdependency?

Answer 33

When two countries depends on the economic health of each other for its own continued well being

Question 34

What is cultural imperialism?

Answer 34

The practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another

Question 35

What is a soft power?

Answer 35

The global influence a country derives from it’s culture, political values and diplomacy

Question 36

What factors help to explain the emergence of a Western-influenced ‘global culture’?

Answer 36

TNCs - the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs shapes a common culture
Global media
Migration and tourism - brings enormous cultural change to places, during age of empires Europeans forced their language and customs on people in other countries

Question 37

What is cultural diffusion?

Answer 37

The spread of culture from one group of people to another

Question 38

What is cultural erosion?

Answer 38

Cultural erosion is the process of a country or region losing it’s traditional elements due to outside influences

Question 39

What are the positives of westernised global culture?

Answer 39

-global media coverage of events such as the Paralympics may erode prejudice in developing countries
-growth of healthcare available via medicines

Question 40

What are the negatives of a westernised global culture?

Answer 40

-spread of western diet linked to rising obesity and diabetes in many emerging countries (e.g., per capita meat consumption has increased tenfold in Asia in 1990s due to Westernisation)
-fast food consumer culture is extremely wasteful, linked to deforestation and excessive water use

Question 41

What is a cultural landscape?

Answer 41

The landscape of a place that has been shaped over time in characteristic ways by the combined action of natural and human processes

Question 42

How do some areas protect their cultural identity from globalisation forces?

Answer 42

-UNESCO World Heritage Site List - UN gives special recognition to places that have unique cultural or physical significance so that policies can be established to protect from too much change
-China - censorship through ‘great firewall of China’ prevents users from using BBC or Facebook services, strict quota of 34 foreign films a year

Question 43

How has the spread of global culture lead to new awareness for disadvantaged groups?

Answer 43

Global media turns Paralympic Games into one of the world’s biggest sporting events by celebrating physical achievements of elite athletes with disabilities

Question 44

How has cultural erosion impacted tribal lifestyles in Papua New Guinea?

Answer 44

7000 different cultural groups, by 2014 1 in 4 languages were being lost
Due to: migration to urban areas and increased awareness of Western cultures and lifestyles (e.g., wearing t shirts)