Paper 2 - India Flashcards
How is India globally important?
India is a major exporter of services (IT) and manufactured goods, and is also a member of the G20. It is also famous for “Bollywood”, India’s film industry that exports twice as many films as USA’s Hollywood.
How is India regionally important? (To Asia)
India is the biggest economy in south-east Asia, with the now largest population with many trade links between Asian countries due to its large coastline.
What is India’s political context in the wider world?
India is a democratically elected government that was a British colony until 1947.
What is India’s environmental context in the wider world?
Varied landscape - Himalayas in the north, Thar desert in the south.
What is India’s social context in the wider world?
There are large inequalities in India, more than 20% live in poverty, and its literacy rate is below 75%.
What is India’s cultural context in the wider world?
India is home to 22 officially recognised languages with followers of many religions. “Bollywood” is also significant as it produces over 2x the amount of films Hollywood does.
How has India’s primary sector changed?
Used to dominate most of India’s employment, use of manual agriculture and subsistence farming. Now only 42% of the economy and 15% of India’s GDP.
How has India’s secondary sector changed?
Was only 16% of the workforce, increased to 24% due to mechanisation and urbanisation, now becoming a major exporter of goods across the world.
How has India’s tertiary sector changed?
Practically non-existent before, now makes up 34% of the workforce and is worth over 62% of India’s GDP.
Give 2 advantages of hosting TNCs like Unilever in India.
Advantages include:
- Employs over 16,000 people
- Pays tax worth 40% of their income ($5 billion annually)
- Project Shakti aids 75,000 women in rural areas to start up businesses
- Funded sanitation for 140,000+ locals
Give 2 disadvantages of hosting TNCs like Unilever in India.
Disadvantages include:
- Only 1,300 jobs are available for local people
- Economic leakage (British-Dutch company)
- Unreliable jobs, can relocate at any time
- Mercury-contaminated glass from a Unilever factory ended up in a waste dump instead of being safely disposed
- Some TNCs criticised for poor working conditions and low pay
- Unilever accused of closing factories in Mumbai once tax breaks ended.
Give 2 ways which India’s economic relationships are changing.
Examples include:
- Reducing barriers to trade since 1991 (reducing tariffs)
- Forming trade alliances, such as the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement)
- 3,000+ TNCs operated in India in 2014, bringing $44 billion worth of investment
- Indian TNCs operate across the world
Give a way which India’s political relationships are changing.
Examples include:
- Paid and coordinated to build the TAPI gas pipeline
- Developed the Act East policy, providing security in south-east Asia and increasing India’s influence
- Tension between Pakistan and China
Give 2 positive examples of aid provided to India.
Examples include:
- UK sent $10 mil in short-term aid following the 2001 Gujurat earthquake
- Until 2015, Uk sent $200 mil in long-term aid for education and housing
- Top-down aid given for large-scale infrastructure projects
- Project Shakti provides training and loans for local women to start their own businesses
- The Self-Employed Women’s Association trained women to maintain water pumps in Gujarat
Give 2 negative impacts of aid provided to India.
Examples include:
- Top-down aid funding the Sordar Scrovar dam project displaced over 300,000 people
- Short-term aid for the 2001 earthquake did not help locals learn new skills or help rebuilding
- Top-down aid often leads to corruption
