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Biology Paper 2 > Paper 2 All Topics > Flashcards

Paper 2 All Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process that plants and algae use to make their own food.

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2
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

What is the equation for light intensity

A

1 / distance squared

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4
Q

What organelle in plants is used for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

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5
Q

What is needed for the photosynthesis reaction to have

A

Light energy

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6
Q

What are the limiting factors for photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration
Temperature

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7
Q

What are the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis and why

A

The higher the light intensity the increased rate of photosynthesis. As it is required for photosynthesis

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8
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

As the temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases. However if the temperature is too high the enzymes involved in photosynthesis will start to denature

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of plant cells that are used to carry substances around the plant

A

Phloem
Xylem

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10
Q

What are 2 adaptions of the phloem

A
  • Contains sieve tube elements which have little cytoplasm
  • has companion cells that contain lots of mitachondria
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11
Q

What are the 2 processes that take substances around the plant

A

Transpiration
Translocation

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12
Q

What are the 2 meanings of transpiration

A

The loss of water by evaporation from the leaves

The movement of water from roots to leaves

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13
Q

What is the steps on how water travels from the roots to the air around the plant

A
  1. Causes water to enter the roots by osmosis
  2. Draws water up the stem through xylem and roots
  3. Draw water out of the leaf cells and xylem
  4. Water vapour evaporates from leaves mainly through stomata
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14
Q

Where are stomata found

A

Stomata are found mainly on the lower surface of the leaf

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15
Q

What are the stomata

A

To guard cells that control the entering and exiting of air into the leaf. It absorbs in water via osmosis to swell up and open the stomata and loses water become flaccid and close the stomata

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16
Q

what is translocation

A

the transport of sucrose around a plant

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17
Q

what is used to transport substances in translocation

A

phloem

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18
Q

what are 4 types of specialised cells that are in the leaves

A

epidermis
waxy cuticle
mesophyll cells
stomata

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19
Q

what is an adaptation of the waxy cuticle that makes photosynthesis possible

A

transparent

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20
Q

what is an adaptation of the epidermis that makes photosynthesis possible

A

transparent

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20
Q

what are the purposes of the stomata that make photosynthesis possible

A

allow carbon dioxide from the air into the leaf and allow oxygen into the leaf

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21
Q

what are 2 adaptations of the mesophyll cells that make photosynthesis possible

A

has lots of chlorophyll for photosynthesis
have flattened shapes for a large surface area

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22
Q

what 3 factors affect the rate of transpiration

A

light intensity
air movement
temperature

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23
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration

A

high light intensity causes the stomata to open which increases the rate of evaporation of water from the leaf so more transpiration occurs to replace this water

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24
Q

how does air movement affect the rate of transpiration

A

the wind blows moist air away from the stomata keeping the diffusion gradient high so the more air movement there is the higher the rate of transpiration

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25
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

the higher the temp the more energy the water molecules will have so they move faster which increases the rate of transpiration

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26
Q

what can be used to measure the rate of transpiration

A

a potometer

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27
Q

what are 4 adaptations that plants have to survive in dry conditions

A

rolled leaves to reduce air movement
leaf hairs to trap air moisture
stomata in sunk-in pits
maxy cuticle

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28
Q

what 3 adaptations that plants have to survive in tropical conditions

A

large leaves to take in sunlight
stems and leaves that can climb up trees
drip tips

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29
Q

what 2 adaptations that plants have to survive in waterlogged soils

A

spongy tissue in their roots that store oxygen
fine surface roots that take in oxygen from the surface

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30
Q

what is the purpose of hormones in plants

A

to control and coordinate plant growth and development

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31
Q

what is tropism

A

a plant response to a stimulus

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32
Q

what are the 2 plant tropisms

A

gravitropisms
phototropism

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33
Q

how do auxins cause plants to grow towards light

A

they will travel to the shaded parts of the shoot and cause cell elongation on that side so that the cells will grow longer than the cells on the light side so that the shoot turns towards the sunlight

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34
Q

how do auxins cause roots to grow down

A

they will travel to the lit parts of the root and cause cell elongation on that side so that the cells will grow longer than the cells on the dark side so that the root turns towards the ground and away from the sunlight

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35
Q

what are 3 plant hormones

A

gibberellins
auxins
ethene

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36
Q

what are 2 uses of auxins

A

weedkillers
rooting powder

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37
Q

what is rooting power

A

powder that contains auxins. plant cuttings are dipped into it so that when planted they will produce roots faster

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38
Q

what are the 2 purposes of gibberellins hormone in plants

A

germination
stimulate flower and fruit production

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39
Q

what are the use of gibberellins

A

increase yield
seedless fruit

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40
Q

what is the use of ethene

A

to ripen fruits once they have been transported

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41
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers that bring about changes in the body

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42
Q

what system are hormones in

A

endocrine system

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43
Q

what is the name given to a gland that releases a hormone

A

endocrine gland

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44
Q

what are 2 differences between the endocrine and nervous systems

A

endocrine - slower but long-lasting
nerves - quicker by short-lasting

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45
Q

what are the 7 endocrine glands

A

pituitary
hypothalamus
adrenal
ovaries
testis
pancreas
thyroid

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46
Q

what are 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

produces TRH and CRH

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47
Q

what are 4 hormones produced by the pituitary gland

A

TSH
ADH
FSH
LH

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48
Q

what hormone is released by the thyroid

A

thyroxine

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49
Q

what 2 hormones are released by pancreas

A

insulin
glucogen

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50
Q

what hormone is released by the testis

A

testosterone

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51
Q

what hormone is released by the ovaries

A

secretes oestrogen and progesterone

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52
Q

what hormone is released by the adrenal gland

A

adrenalin

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53
Q

what is the target organ of TRH and CRH

A

pituitary gland

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54
Q

what is the target organ of TSH

A

thyroid

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55
Q

what is the target organ of ADH

A

kidney

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56
Q

what are the target organs of FSH and LH

A

ovaries

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57
Q

what is the target organ of insulin and glucogen

A

liver muscle cells

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58
Q

what are the target organs of adrenalin

A

heart liver skin

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59
Q

what is the target organ of progesterone

A

uterus

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60
Q

what is the target organ of oestrogen

A

ovaries

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61
Q

what are the target organs of testosterone

A

male reproductive organs

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62
Q

what is an example of negative feedback in hormones

A

thyroxine

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63
Q

how is thyroxine an example of negative feedback

A

when the conc of thyroxine in the blood is too low, this stimulates a corrective mechanism which causes the hypothalamus to secrete more TRH which causes the pituitary gland to produce more TSH. as a result the thyroid produces more thyroxine. if the the thyroxine conc is too high the production of TRH is inhibited so less thyroxine is produced

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64
Q

what is the purpose of thyroxine

A

controls the metabolic rate

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65
Q

what are 3 effects of adrenalin

A

-increases heart rate
-constricts some blood vessels to make pressure higher and dilates others to increase blood flow to muscle
- causes the liver to convert glycogen into glycogen which is released into blood

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66
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structure of the uterus that makes pregnancy possible

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67
Q

what are the 4 stages in the menstrual cycle

A

menstruation
uterus lining builds up
ovulation
uterus lining maintained

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68
Q

what is menstruation

A

the breakdown of the uterus lining

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69
Q

when does menstruation happen

A

days 1 to 5

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70
Q

when does ovulation happen

A

day 14 or 15

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71
Q

what days are where fertilisation is most possible

A

14-16

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72
Q

what is contraception

A

the prevention of fertilisation

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73
Q

what are the 2 types of contraception

A

barrier methods
hormonal contraception

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74
Q

what is an example of hormonal contraception

A

hormone pills

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75
Q

how does hormonal contraception work

A

prevent the release of hormones to prevent ovulation

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76
Q

what is an example of barrier contraception and how do they work

A

condom - stop sperm from reaching the egg

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77
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of hormonal contraception

A

more effective than a barrier
do not prevent STI

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78
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of barrier contraception

A

less effective
prevent STI

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79
Q

what 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle

A

oestrogen
progesterone
FSH
LH

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80
Q

what does FSH do

A

stimulates the growth of follicles

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81
Q

what does LH do

A

triggers ovulation

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82
Q

what does the follicle release as it matures

A

oestrogen

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83
Q

what 2 things does oestrogen do

A

inhibits further FSH
thickens uterus lining

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84
Q

what happens when there is a high conc of oestrogen

A

surge in LH

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85
Q

what is the name given to a ruptured follicle and what does it secrete

A

corpus luteum - releases progesterone

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86
Q

what 2 things does progesterone do

A

thickens uterus lining
inhibits FSH and LH

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87
Q

what triggers menstruation

A

fall in progesterone concentration

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88
Q

why do the progesterone levels fall when the egg is not fertilised

A

as the corpus luteum breaks down and stops releasing progesterone

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89
Q

what does ART stand for and what is it

A

assisted reproductive therapy - the use of hormones and medicines to increase the chance of fertilisation

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90
Q

what 2 things are used in ART

A

fertility drugs
IVF

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91
Q

give an example of a fertility drug and its purpose

A

clomifene - increase FSH and LH concentration

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92
Q

what is IVF

A

where fertilisation occurs outside the body

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93
Q

what are the 5 steps in IVF

A
  1. fertility drugs are given to stimulate eggs to mature
  2. eggs are taken from the ovaries
  3. the effs are mixed with sperm in a dish for fertilisation
  4. the fertilised eggs developed into an embryo
  5. the embryo are placed back in the mothers womb to develop
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94
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining the conditions inside the body in response to internal and external changes

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95
Q

what mechanism is used for homeostasis

A

negative feedback

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96
Q

what are the 2 parts of homeostasis

A

Osmoregulation
thermoregulation

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97
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the control of how much water is in the body by controlling how much water is lost in urine.

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98
Q

why is osmoregulation important

A

prevents animal cells from swelling up or shrinking by osmosis

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99
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

keeps the core body temperature steady at around 37’C

100
Q

what part of the body controls the temperature of the body

A

hypothalamus

101
Q

what 2 things does the body do when we are too hot

A
  • blood vessels near the skin dilate so more blood flows near it and more heat is given off and lost
  • sweat glands release sweat
102
Q

what 2 things does the body do when we are too cold

A
  • blood vessels near the skin constrict so less blood flows near it and less heat is given off
  • body hairs are raised by erector muscles to trap heat around the body
103
Q

how do goosebumps keep us warm

A

creates an insulating layer by trapping a layer of air

104
Q

how does sweat cool us down

A

sweat will evaporate and will help us lose heat by evaporation

105
Q

what is the word given to blood vessels constricting

A

vasoconstriction

106
Q

what is the word given to blood vessels dilating

A

vasodilation

107
Q

what 2 hormones control blood glucose levels

A

insulin
glucogen

108
Q

what steps will the body take to lower blood sugar levels

A

-The pancreas will detect a rise in blood glucose concentration
-The pancreas will secrete more insulin and less glycogen
-insulting will cause muscle and liver cells to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen

109
Q

what organ controls blood glucose levels

A

pancreas

110
Q

what steps will the body take to increase blood glucose concentration

A
  • The pancreas will detect a fall in blood glucose concentration
  • The pancreas will secrete more glucogen and less insulin
  • the glucogen will cause liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
111
Q

what is diabetes

A

when a person can’t properly control their blood glucose concentration

112
Q

what are the 2 types of diabetes

A

type 1 and type 2

113
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

where the immune system has damaged the person insulting secreting cells so the person cannot produce insulin

114
Q

how can type 1 diabetes be controlled

A

they will have to inject insulin into the fat below the skin. they will have to work out the right amount of insulin to inject so the blood glucose level will be within safe limits

115
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

where the person’s liver and muscle cells have become resistant to insulin

116
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled

A

eating less sugar and exercising

117
Q

what is the equation for BMI

A

weight/height squared

118
Q

what body system controls osmoregulation

A

urinary system

119
Q

what are the 6 parts of the urinary system

A

renal veins
renal arteries
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

120
Q

what is the purpose of the renal veins?

A

carry cleaned blood back towards the body

121
Q

what is the purpose of the renal arteries?

A

carry the blood from the body to the kidney to be cleaned

122
Q

what do the ureters do

A

carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

123
Q

what does the bladder do

A

stores urine

124
Q

what is the name of the part that urine flows through to exit the body

A

urethra

125
Q

what do the kidneys do

A

remove substance from blood to clean it and makes urine

126
Q

what are the tiny tubules in the kidney called

A

nephrons

127
Q

what are the 5 parts of the nephrons

A

glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
convoluted tubules
loop of henle
collecting duct

128
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

small know to capillaries

129
Q

what happens between the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule

A

filtration - all the small molecules from the blood is filtered into the nephron

130
Q

what never enters the nephrons and why

A

proteins because they are too big

131
Q

what happens in the convoluted tubules

A

selective reabsorption

132
Q

what happens in collecting duct

A

osmosis of water back into the body

133
Q

what parts of the nephron does selective reabsorption occur

A

convoluted tubules
loop of Henle

134
Q

what hormone controls how much water is absorbed back into the body in the nephrons

A

ADH

135
Q

what steps will the body take when there is not enough water in the blood

A
  1. the brain senses there is not enough water in the blood
  2. the pituitary gland secretes more ADH
  3. the ADH will make the collecting duct more permeable
  4. so more water is reabsorbed
136
Q

what steps will the body take when there is too much water in the blood?

A
  1. the brain senses there is too much water in the blood
  2. the pituitary gland secretes less ADH
  3. less ADH means the collecting duct will be less permeable
  4. so less water is reabsorbed
137
Q

what is kidney failure

A

when the kidney stops working excess water, mineral ions and urea build up in the body

138
Q

what are the 2 treatments for kidney failure

A

Dialysis
Kidney transplant

139
Q

what is dialysis

A

when a machine is used to filter the blood instead of the kidney

140
Q

explain dialysis in steps

A
  1. the machine will be connected to the person so that their blood will flow through the machine
  2. It will flow through partially permeable dialysis tubing where diffusion can occur
  3. the tubing will be surrounded by dialysis fluid that will contain the same concentration of useful substances as the blood so any excess substances diffuse from the blood into the dialysis fluid
  4. blood is sent back into the body
141
Q

why is it important that dialysis fluid is constantly replaced

A

so the concentration gradient does not equalize

142
Q

how often does dialysis occur

A

every 2 to 3 days

143
Q

what is a kidney transplant

A

when a healthy kidney is donated by a donor and is transplanted into a patient

144
Q

what is a negative of a kidney transplant

A

the body could reject the kidney as it may have different antigens

145
Q

what process in the body requires oxygen

A

respiration

146
Q

what is a waste product of metabolism

A

carbon dioxide

147
Q

where in the body is carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged

A

alveoli in the lungs

148
Q

where is water exchanged in the body

A

nephrons

149
Q

where is dissolved food and mineral ions changed in the body

A

small intestines

150
Q

where are alveoli found

A

in the lungs

151
Q

what are 3 adaptations of the lungs to increase gas exchange

A

millions of tiny alveoli to increase surface area
each alveoli is closely associated with a capillary which reduces the diffusion distance
breathing and blood flow maintain a high conc gradient

152
Q

what 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

surface area
distance of diffusion
concentration gradient

153
Q

what is ficks law formula

A

rate of diffusion is proportional to = SA * conc dif / thickness of membrane

154
Q

what are the 4 parts of blood

A

plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

155
Q

what is blood plasma and what is its purpose

A

it is the liquid part of the blood
- it carries the blood cells through the blood vessels
it contains many dissolved substances such as glucose

156
Q

what are platelets are what is their purpose

A

are fragments of dead or damaged cells, their function is to cause blood clots when a blood vessel has been damaged, the clot will block the would and prevent pathogens from getting into the blood

157
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

158
Q

what is the purpose of veins

A

carry blood towards the heart

159
Q

what is the purpose of arteries

A

carry blood towards the heart

160
Q

what are some adaptations of veins

A

thin walls and large space to carry low-pressure blood
contain valves which prevent backflow

161
Q

what is an adaptation of arteries

A

have thick walls to carry high-pressure blood

162
Q

what are some adaptations of capillaries

A

narrow - only one blood cell wide
thin walls - minimise diffusion distance

163
Q

what is the purpose of the heart

A

pumps blood around the body

164
Q

what bodily system is the heart part of

A

circulatory system

165
Q

what are the 4 blood vessels of the heart and what their purpose

A

pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
vena cava - brings deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart
aorta - carries oxygenate back to the body
pulmonary vein - brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

166
Q

what are the 4 sections of the heart

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

167
Q

which side of the hear deals with oxygenated blood

A

left side

168
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker and more muscular

A

as it needs to push blood all around the body

169
Q

what are the 2 types of respiration

A

aerobic
anaerobic

170
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur

A

mitochondria

171
Q

what is the formula for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

172
Q

when does anaerobic respiration happen

A

when there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration

173
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose –> lactic acid + carbon dioxide

174
Q

what are 2 advantages of anaerobic respiration

A

useful for muscle cells as it allows them to contract even when the heart cannot deliver oxygen fast enough
respiration can occur even in organisms with little or no oxygen supply

175
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of anaerobic respiration

A
  • releases less energy
  • lactic acid needs to be removed
176
Q

what is a factor that affects the rate of respiration

A

temperature

177
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output

A

stroke volume * heart rate

178
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

all the living organisms and the non-living components in an area

179
Q

what is a community

A

all the living organisms in an area

180
Q

what is the populations

A

all the organisms of the same species in an area

181
Q

what is an organism

A

a single-living individual

182
Q

what is distribution

A

how widely spread organisms are

183
Q

what are 2 living factors that affect organism distribution

A

prey
competition
predator

184
Q

what are 5 non-living factors that could affect the distribution

A

light
temperature
rainfall
oxygen levels in water
pollution

185
Q

what is a pollutant

A

a substance that has harmful effects on organims

186
Q

what are biotic factors

A

factors that involve living organisms

187
Q

what are 3 ways animals deter predators

A

poison
bright colours and designs to frighten
thorns

188
Q

what is competition

A

when organisms have to fight for recources

189
Q

what factors do plants compete for

A

light
space
water
nutrients

190
Q

what factors do animals fight for

A

food
mates
territory

191
Q

what is interdependence

A

how all organisms in an environment depend on each other to survive

192
Q

what are the 2 examples of interdependence

A

parasitism
mutualism

193
Q

what is parasitism

A

where a parasite feeds on another organism and lives together. this will harm the host but benefit the parasite

194
Q

what are 3 examples of parasites

A

flea
mistletoe
tapeworm

195
Q

what is mutualism

A

when 2 organisms live closely together in a way that benefits both of them

196
Q

what is biomass

A

the mass of the biological matter

197
Q

what is a trophic level

A

feeding levels on a food chain

198
Q

what is a producer

A

an organism that makes its own food

199
Q

give 2 reasons why the amount of energy decreases through each tropic level

A

the organisms will release energy to the environment in respiration as heat
not all parts of the animal will be eaten

200
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the variety of organisms in an area

201
Q

what is fish farming

A

growing one kind of fish in an area and then harvesting them

202
Q

what are 2 negatives of fish farming

A
  • the waste produced by the fish can pollute and change the conditions so that local organisms are harmed
  • diseases from farmed fish can spread to wild fish and kill them
203
Q

what is a pro of fish farming

A

reduces fishing of wild fish

204
Q

what is a non-indigenous species

A

an organism that is not found naturally in an area and is introduced into it

205
Q

what are 2 negatives of non-indigenous species

A

they may reproduce rapidly as they have no natural predators
they may outcompete native species

206
Q

what is a pro of non-indigenous species

A

they may provide food for native species

207
Q

what is eutrophication

A

when fertilisers are added to fields get into streams and rivers

208
Q

give the 5 steps of eutrophication

A
  1. causes water plants and algae to grow quickly
  2. plants and algae cover the water surface and block light
  3. deeper plants cannot get light so they die
  4. bacteria decompose the dying plants and use up the oxygen in the water
  5. there will not be enough oxygen for the fish so they will die
209
Q

what is a moral reason for maintaining biodiversity

A

humans should respect other living organisms

210
Q

what is an aesthetic reason for maintaining biodiversity

A

people enjoy seeing the variety of living organisms that live

211
Q

why is biodiversity important

A

some organisms have an important role in ecosystems and if they are removed the ecosystem could become unstable

212
Q

what is an advantage of maintaining biodiversity

A

some species are useful - such as medicines from plants

213
Q

what is reforestation

A

the replanting of forests where they have been destroyed

214
Q

what are 4 advantages of reforestation

A
  • restores habitats
  • lowers CO2 conc
  • trees bind soil and reduce soil erosion
  • helps local climate - reduces the temperature variation
215
Q

what is food security

A

having access to food

216
Q

what is the reason for the increased food demand

A

rising population

217
Q

what were the 3 negative effects of the increasing food demand

A

more animal farming - affects animal populations
movement of people and farms introduced new pests and pathogens
increase water waste and more pollution

218
Q

what is the carbon cycle

A

shows how carbon passes between the environment and living organisms

219
Q

what process allows carbon to pass from animals to the atmosphere

A

respiration

220
Q

what process allows carbon from the atmosphere to enter the food chain

A

photosynthesis

221
Q

what is the role of decomposers in the carbon cycle

A

they eat dead plants and animals and respire carbon back into the atmosphere

222
Q

what is the role of fossil fuels in the carbon cycle

A

dead organisms that are not decomposed will form fossil fuels that will release carbon back into the atmosphere during combustion

223
Q

what is the water cycle

A

shows how water moves between different parts of our planet

224
Q

describe the steps of the water cycle

A
  1. seawater evaporates
  2. water vapour condenses as it rises to form clouds
  3. water cools and precipitates back to earth as rain
  4. water runs off the surface back into rivers and sea
225
Q

what is the name given to the process where water evaporates from plants

A

transpiration

226
Q

what is desalination

A

the process of producing potable water or salt water from the ocean, commonly using distillation

227
Q

what is nitrogen used for in plants

A

DNA and proteins

228
Q

what is the nitrogen cycle

A

shows how nitrogen passes across between living organisms and the environment

229
Q

what are the 3 bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria
nitrifying bacteria
denitrifying bacteria

230
Q

what are 2 ways nitrogen from the air gets into the soil

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria
lightning strikes

231
Q

what is the purpose of nitrifying bacteria

A

convert ammonia compounds in the soil into nitrates that can be absorbed by plants

232
Q

what do de-nitrifying bacteria do

A

coverts nitrate in the soil back into nitrogen in the atmosphere

233
Q

how are animals part of the nitrogen cycle

A

they eat plants that contain nitrogen and will release it back into the soil when they die

234
Q

what is crop rotation and why is it important

A

growing different crops each year on a rotation basis improves soil fertility as different crops will remove different nutrients from the soil and plants such as clovers have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots which can be ploughed back into the soil

235
Q

what are indicator species

A

a species whose presence or absence can be used to indicate the levels of pollution in an area

236
Q

what are 2 indicator species of air pollution

A

lichen
blackspot fungus

237
Q

how does lichen indicate air pollution

A

lichen can only grow where there is no air pollution. so the absence of air pollution can show air pollution

238
Q

how do black spots indicate air pollution

A

blackspot is a fungus that infects roses. the fungus is damaged by sulfur dioxide in the air so where there is air pollution the roses will be clear of fungus

239
Q

what are 5 indicator species of water pollution

A

bloodworms
sludge worms
stonefly larvae
mayflies
caddisflies

240
Q

how do blood worms and sludge worms show water pollution

A

they can live in water that contains little oxygen so they are found in polluted water

241
Q

how do stonefly larvae, mayflies and caddisflies show water pollution

A

they can only survive in water that contains a lot of oxygen so they will be absent in polluted water

242
Q

what does decay mean

A

the breakdown of material by microorganisms

243
Q

what 3 factors affect the rate of decay and why

A

warm temperatures - for enzyme activity
water content - water for microorganisms to survive
oxygen availability - microorganisms need it for respiration

244
Q

what are 3 ways to prevent decay

A

refrigerating
salting
packing food in nitrogen

245
Q

how does refrigerating prevent decay

A

makes it last longer as the temperature will be too cold for microorganisms to grow quickly and for their enzymes to work properly

246
Q

how does salting prevent decay

A

food lasts longer as the salt will cause water to move out of bacterial cells by osmosis so there is not enough water in the microorganisms for them to grow

247
Q

how does packing food in nitrogen prevent decay

A

makes it last longer as there will be no oxygen for the microorganisms to respire with

248
Q

what are 3 conditions for compost to be made efficiently

A

moist
warm
aerobic

Biology Paper 2 (15 decks)

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