Paper 2 (advanced info 2022)

Question 1

Outline classical conditioning

Answer 1

Created by Pavlov’s dogs experiment
It’s says that behaviour is learnt through association. He had dogs associate the sound of a bell by feeding the at the same time.

Question 2

In Pavlov's experiment what were the following
the unconditioned stimulus 
the unconditioned response 
the conditioned stimulus 
the conditioned response

Answer 2

Food
Salivation
Bell
Salivation

Question 3

Outline operant conditioning

Answer 3

Created by Skinner’s rats study
It says that behaviour is learnt through punishment and reward. He had a rat inside a modified box, when the rat pressed button it was rewarded with food. There was multiple conditions where the rat was even shocked.

Question 4

What do the following things mean in operant conditioning
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment

Answer 4

Receiving a reward
Performing a wanted behaviour removes an unpleasant stimulus
An unpleasant consequence of a behaviour

Question 5

What is a positive of operant conditioning?

little Albert

Answer 5

The little Albert study involved a research team using operant conditioning to condition a child into being scared of furry animals. They did this by making a banging sound which caused the unconditioned response of fear.

Question 6

What is a positive of operant conditioning?

lab experiments

Answer 6

Both Skinner’s rats study and Pavlov’s dogs study were laboratory studies. These introduced experimental methods to psychology. They had high control of extraneous variables, they’re objective and were replicable.

Question 7

What is a positive of operant conditioning?

practical application

Answer 7

Operant conditioning has practical applications, one of these being systematic desensitisation. This technique is a type of cognitive behavioural therapy whereby it can be used to treat phobias.

Question 8

What is social learning theory?

Answer 8

Bandura’s social learning theory used a bobo doll experiment to conclude that we copy and imitate behaviour from people we identify with. (The parent went in and was angry with the doll- so was the child, the parent was nice to the doll- so was the child)

Question 9

What are the stages of social learning theory?

Answer 9

Attention, the individual must see the behaviour and pay attention to it
Retention, they need to remember the information and have it stored in the LTM
Reproduction, the individual must have the ability to do it
Motivation, they expect the same vicarious reinforcements

Question 10

Outline Bandura’s study

Answer 10

Sample of 36 boys and 36 girls aged 3-6
One group had a model showing aggression
One group had a model without aggression
One group had no model
They found that the children in the aggressive condition modelled the aggressive behaviour. Boys imitated the physical behaviour more than the girls.

Question 11

What is one negative of social learning theory?

Boys vs girls

Answer 11

In Bandura’s experiment they found that the boys imitated more displays of physical anger than the girls. This is ignored in the theory and is not explained, overall the theory would be much more complex and accurate if this was explained.