Paper 2 Flashcards
Key features of lakoff
Women and intonation
Women and grammar
Women’s language use
Politeness features
Women and intonation lakoff
Speaking in italics for exaggeration
Rising intonation
Women’s grammar lakoff
Hyper correct grammar
Hedging
Multiple tag questions
Language features lakoff
Weak expletives
Use intensifiers incompletely
Only neutral or positive adjectives
Other features lakoff
Euphemisms
No jokes
High politeness levels
Implication rather than directness
Jennifer Jenkins, five characteristics of ELF
Used by speaker of different languages allowing communication.
Alternative to EFL.
ELF can use localised varieties
Important in accommodation and code switching.
Not that common with proficient users.
ELF cons
Linguistic imperialism
Trudgill and Cheshire reasons for differences
Society has greater expectations for women.
Women’s language created by subordinate role.
Women seek overt prestige.
Women more status conscious.
Cheshire
Boy called Kevin who didn’t use non standard forms got bullied
Trudgill and Cheshire
Suggest differences in male and female language is evident in childhood.
Found men more likely to use double negatives and use ain’t. Use seen and done as past tense. Drop ‘h’ and ‘g’
Women more likely to use isn’t
Koester
People pay attention to relational and task bases goals when interacting for work.
Listeners are restricted to back channelling and interrogatives when receiving instructions or explanations
Brown and levinson
Developed goffmans theory of face into 2 type
Negative - wants to be impeded by others
Positive - wants to be desirable
Negative and positive face
Negative threatened when imposed on
Positive threatened with criticism
To avoid threats we mitigate
Positive politeness strategies
Compliments Praise Appreciation Common ground Avoid criticism
Negative politeness strategies
Apologising
Not being presumptuous
Hedging
Indirect requests
