Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A2 English > Language Change > Flashcards

Language Change Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What 5 aspects of language became more common in the modern age due to technological influences?

A 
Acronyms/initials
Abbreviation
Substitution
Number homophones
Spelling homophones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Spelling homophone + example

A

Writing as it sounds

E.g. C, no, wot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Number homophone + example

A

Replacing sound with a number

E.g. M8, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s substitution in language?

A

Replacing sounds with another letter or number.

E.g. Thanx, 2mrw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of an abbreviation

A

E.g. Ur, ello, C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give example of an acronym.

A

E.g. BBC, FYI, LOL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Crispin Thurlow (2003) study and how when researching generation text?

A

He looked at older teenagers use of mobile text messaging. He did this using interviews and a corpus of 544 participants tect messages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Crispin Thurlow discover in his 2003 study on generation text?

A

Although texting is being used to support relationships and social networks, it seems ideas of the language being exclusive and impenetrable for others is exaggerated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main communication orientations and themes found by Thurlow in his 2003 study?

A 
Informational-practical/relational orientation
Practical/social arrangement orientation
Salutary orientation
Friendship maintenance orientation
Romantic/sexual orientation
Chain messages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the different between informational-practical orientation and informational-relational orientation [Thurlow 2003]?

A

Practical deal with the exchange of practical details or requests for information.
Relational deal with more soldiery exchanges or requests for personal favours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Example of informational-practical orientation [Thurlow 2003].

A

E.g. Where’s Greece?

Ring plumber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Example of informational-relational orientation [Thurlow 2003].

A

E.g. Passed the driving test!

Please can you send notes from today, v sick:(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of practical arrangement orientation [Thurlow 2003].

A

E.g. See you soon

Wanna come out?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of social arrangement orientation [Thurlow 2003].

A

E.g. R we doin anything this wk?Chezx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is salutary orientation [Thurlow 2003]?

A

Messages which are non-specific, usually brief and flippant; many are just simple friendly greetings.
E.g. Yo man wots de goss?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are friendship maintenance questions [Thurlow 2003]?

A

Personal messages such as apologies, words of thanks, and celebratory language.
E.g. Happy Bday! Hav a gud 1, see u soon! Love dunc xxx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 5 of the main external forces of language change?

A 
Movement of people
Technological change
War
Politics
Youth culture
Expressiveness and creativity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diachronic change

A

Historical development of language

19
Q

Coinage/neologism

A

Deliberate creation of a new word. This is not a common process of word formation.
E.g. Widget, spoof, hobbit.

20
Q

Borrowing/loan words

A

Borrowing of words/concepts from other languages. Words are either anglicised or they may retain their original spelling or phonology.
E.g. Bungalow (Hindi)
Futon (Japanese)

21
Q

Compounding

A

Words are combined together to form new words. These can be open, hyphenated or solid.
E.g. Handheld

22
Q

Clipping

A 
Words are shortened and the shortened form becomes the norm.
E.g. Pram
Phone
Bus
Flu
23
Q

Blending

A

A combination of clipping and compounding: words are abbreviated and joined together to form a new word.
E.g. Moped (motor + pedal)
Newscast (news + broadcast)

24
Q

Acronym

A

First letters are taken from a series of words to create a new term.
E.g. AIDS

25
Q

Initialism

A

The first letters from a series of words form a new term, but each letter is pronounced.
E.g. CD, OMG, MP3

26
Q

Affixation

A

One or more free morphemes are combined with one or more bound morphemes.
E.g. Disinterest, marketeer, regift.

27
Q

Conversion or functional shift

A 
A word shifts from one word class to another, usually from a noun to a verb.
E.g. Text, Google, network.
28
Q

Eponym

A

Names of a person or company are used to define particular objects. Often they are the inventors or distributors of the object.
E.g. Hoover, silhouette, pasteurise.

29
Q

Back formation

A

A verb is created from an existing noun by removing a suffix.

30
Q

Neosemy

A

The process whereby a new meaning develops for an existing word

31
Q

[Neosemy] Broadening

A

The meaning of a word broadens so it retains the original meaning but also takes on the new meaning.
E.g. Holiday - taken from holy-day

32
Q

[Neosemy] Narrowing

A

Opposite of broadening, a word becomes more specific in meaning.
E.g. Meat - old english ‘mete’ used to mean food in general but now refers to a specific type of food.
Wife - used to refer to all women, not necessarily those married.

33
Q

[Neosemy] Amelioration

A

Over time a word becomes more pleasant or positive in meaning.
E.g. Pretty - used to mean sly or cunning
Brave - used to mean wild or savage
Terribly - used to mean dreadfully, but now is used as an intensifier

34
Q

[Neosemy] Prejoration

A

Opposite of amelioration - over time a word becomes less favourable.
E.g. Villain - used to mean ‘farm worker’
Hussy - used to mean ‘housewife’ but now refers to a woman with loose morals

35
Q

[Neosemy] Weakening

A

Loss or reduction of the force of meaning in a word.
E.g. Thing - in old English referred to a meeting of assembly but now can refer to an unspecified object or anything.
E.g. Shit - along with its literal meaning, now can mean stuff.

36
Q

[Neosemy] Metaphor

A

Words acquire additional meanings as physical ideas are extended to abstract ideas with similar qualities, allowing abstract ideas to be more clearly understood.
E.g. Grasp - physically grasp, or to grasp an idea
High - physical height, or to get high.

37
Q

[Neosemy] Euphemism

A

The creation of polite, but roundabout expressions for things that may be considered unpleasant.
E.g. Collateral damage - military action resulting in unintentional death of civilians.
Friendly fire - when gunfire is directed at your allies rather than enemies

38
Q

Polysemy

A

Words acquire many possibly meaning, which coexist with the original:
E.g. Milk/milking it - where milking it has evolved from the verb milk in its original sense
Foot - when he got to the foot of the hold, he stumbled and twisted his foot.

39
Q

What are the 3 forms of language variations?

A

Patois
Pidgin
Creole

40
Q

Examples of tok piskin

A

Tenkyu
Hi Hai
Plis

41
Q

Crystals main points on pidgin languages

A

No native speakers
Usually occur due to trade, speakers don’t share a common language and are forced to find another way to communicate.
Simplified version of one language, that combines the vocabulary of many.

42
Q

Cassidy on pidgin

A

Pidgin arises where is no language for communication
E.g. Slavs from Africa were brought to North America to work on the plantations. They came from different countries in Africa and shared no common language as their bosses didn’t want them communicating and escaping.

43
Q

Jennifer’s Jenkins 5 key characteristics of ELF

A
  • used by speakers of different languages to allow communication.
  • may use localised varieties specific to the place it’s being spoken as well as standard English forms
  • isn’t new, served in the past
  • only used when necessary
  • widespread and useful but criticised as a form of linguistic imperialism
44
Q

Crystal on world English

A
  • All countries use English and start adapting with vocab
  • English varieties tailor to needs of the country
  • C16, words were created to describe new things in America
  • used for different reasons in each country
  • 10,000 words in S. African dictionary not in B. English.

A2 English (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions