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PHYSICS > PAPER 2 > Flashcards

PAPER 2 Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the third law of motion?

A

If object A exerts a force on object B then object B exerts the exact opposite force on object A

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2
Q

Name the vector quantities

A

force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum

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3
Q

What are scalar quantities?

A

physical quantities with no direction and only size

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4
Q

Name some scalar quantities

A

mass, temperature, time, length

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5
Q

Force=

A

mass x area

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6
Q

What is the principle of moments?

A

Total Anticlockwise Moments = Total Clockwise Moments

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7
Q

If the total anticlockwise moments do not equal the total clockwise moments, there will be….

A

a resultant moment

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8
Q

What happens when a charge drops through a voltage?

A

it transfers energy

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9
Q

The bigger the change in voltage…

A

the more energy is transferred for a given amount of charge passing through the circuit

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10
Q

What is voltage?

A

the energy transferred per unit charge passed

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11
Q

One volt is…

A

one joule per coulomb

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12
Q

Where is energy supplied to the charge?

A

at the power source

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13
Q

What is the build up of static caused by?

A

friction

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14
Q

What happens when two insulating materials are rubbed together?

A

Electrons will be scraped off one and dumped on the other, leaving a positive electrostatic charge on one and a negative electrostatic charge on the other

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15
Q

What does the direction of electrons transferred depend on?

A

the two materials involved

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16
Q

Give an examples of the build up of static electricity

A

polythene and acetate rods being rubbed with a cloth duster

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17
Q

What is the rate of flow of charge called?

A

the current

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18
Q

How can a charged conductor be safely discharged?

A

By connecting it to earth with a metal strap. The electrons flow down the strap to the ground if the charge is negative, and flow up the strap from the ground if the charge is positive.

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19
Q

What produces both +ve and -ve electrostatic charges?

A

the movement of electrons

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20
Q

The greater the charge on an isolated object..

A

The greater the voltage between it and the earth

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21
Q

What happens when the voltage gets big enough?

A

theres a spark which jumps across the gap

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22
Q

Opposite charges…

A

attract

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23
Q

What two experiments can demonstrate electrostatic charge?

A

gold-leaf electroscope

suspending a charged rod

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24
Q

What type of generator can be used to make your hair stand on end?

A

A Van de Graaff generator

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25
Q

What is a Van de Graaf generator made up of?

A

a rubber belt moving round plastic rollers underneath a metal dome

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26
Q

Name 2 ways static electricity can be useful

A

inkjet printer

photocopier

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27
Q

How does lightening form?

A

when raindrops and ice bump together inside storm clouds, they knock off electrons and leave the top of the cloud positively charged, and the bottom of the cloud negative. This creates a huge voltage and a big spark.

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28
Q

Why can fuel filling be dangerous?

A

Because as fuel flows out of a filler pipe, static builds up - which can lead to a spark.

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29
Q

What is a solution to the danger of fuel filling?

A

Making the nozzles out of metal, so that the charge is conducted away
Having earthing straps between the fuel tank and fuel pipe

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30
Q

What does it mean when waves are diffracted?

A

they ‘bend round’ edges and through gaps, causing the waves to spread out.

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31
Q

The longer the wave length of the wave…

A

the more they diffract and bend around

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32
Q

What needs to be done to communicate any kind of information over a long distance?

A

It needs to be converted to electrical signals

33
Q

How do electrical signals get sent?

A

either by telephone wires or carried on EM waves

34
Q

What are the two kinds of signals?

A

Analogue and digital

35
Q

What values an analogue signal take?

A

any value within a certain range

analogue = any

36
Q

What values can a digital signal take?

A

only two

37
Q

What needs to be done to signals as they travel?

A

need to be amplified as they get weaker as they travel

38
Q

What do signals pick up along their travel?

A

interference or noise from electrical disturbances or other signals

39
Q

What happens when you amplify an analogue signal?

A

the noise is amplified too, so loses quality

40
Q

What happens when you amplify a digital signal?

A

the noise is ignored, so signal remains high quality

41
Q

What happens when two or more waves of a similar frequency meet? And what is this called?

A

They create one combined signal with a new amplitude, this is called interference

42
Q

What is quantisation?

A

the process of ‘rounding’ multiple values to a smaller set

43
Q

What piece of equipment is used to display a microphone signal as a trace on a screen?

A

An oscilloscope

44
Q

Can sound waves be diffracted?

A

yes

45
Q

What is a microphone an example of?

A

A sound wave receiver

46
Q

How do you use an oscilloscope?

A

By plugging a microphone into it

47
Q

What does the appearance of the wave on the oscilloscope tell you?

A

whether the sound is loud or quiet and high or low pitched, and by taking measurements, can calculate frequency

48
Q

The greater the amplitude of a wave or vibration…

A

the more energy it carries (in sound this means it will be louder)

49
Q

Name the advantages of burning fossil fuels

A

It releases a lot of energy, relatively cheaply
Doesn’t rely on the weather
We have a lot of fossil fuel power stations already, so we don’t need to sped money on new technology

50
Q

Name the disadvantages of burning fossil fuels

A

They release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere - contributing to global warming and climate change
They release sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain
They will eventually run out

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear reactors?

A

They are expensive to build and maintain and take longer to start up
Proccessing the uranium before you use it causes pollution
Risk of leaks and major catastrophe
Radioactive waste
It’s expensive for them to be decommissioned

52
Q

What is an advantage to nuclear reactors?

A

They don’t produce any greenhouse gasses

There is plenty of uranium left

53
Q

What are the advantages of wind farms?

A

They are quite cheap to run

They are renewable

54
Q

What are the disadvantages of wind farms?

A

They spoil the view, and need many
Wind may not be strong enough
Can be noisy
Expensive to set up

55
Q

What are the advantages of geothermal energy?

A

They are renewable

56
Q

What are the disadvantages of geothermal energy?

A

Cost of drilling down several km

57
Q

What can solar cells be used for?

A

calculators and watches

homes

58
Q

What is a disadvantage to using wave power?

A

It can spoil the view and be a danger to boats
Can be unreliable due to wind
Initial costs are high

59
Q

What are the disadvantages to tidal barrages?

A

They prevent free access by boats
Spoil the view
Alter habitat of wildlife
Height of tides are variable

60
Q

What are the disadvantages to hydroelectricity?

A

Possible loss of habitat
Rotting vegetation realeasing CO2
Valleys can look unsightly when they dry up

61
Q

What are the advantages to hydroelectricity?

A

renewable
no pollution
immediate response to increase demand
no fuel and low running costs

62
Q

3 states of matter

A

solids
liquids
gases

63
Q

What characteristics do solids have?

A

Strong forces of attraction
Uniform arrangement
Not much energy
Vibrate

64
Q

What characteristics do liquids have?

A 
Weaker forces of attraction
Close together but can move past each other 
Form irregular arrangements
More energy
Move in random directions at low speeds
65
Q

What characteristics do gases have?

A

Almost no forces of attraction
More energy
Free to move
Travel random directions at high speeds

66
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When particles escape from a liquid and become gas particles

67
Q

Can particles evaporate from a liquid at temperatures that are much lower than the liquids boiling point?

A

yes

68
Q

What kind of particles are most likely to evaporate?

A

The ones with the most kinetic energy (fastest)

69
Q

When can particles near the surface of a liquid escape?

A

If

  • the particles are travelling in the right direction
  • the particles are travelling fast enough
70
Q

pressure/temperature (in K) =

A

constant

71
Q

What do magnets affect?

A

magnetic materials and other magnets

72
Q

The closer the magnet and the magnetic material get..

A

the stronger the induced magnetism will be

73
Q

What is the word given when a magnet is brought close to a magnetic material then that material acts as a magnet?

A

induced magnetism

74
Q

Opposite poles

A

attract

75
Q

What is the magnetic field inside a current carrying solenoid like?

A

strong and uniform

76
Q

When is a magnetic material considered ‘soft’ ?

A

If it loses its induced magnetism quickly

77
Q

When is a magnetic material considered ‘hard’ ?

A

If it keeps it’s induced magnetism permanently

78
Q

How can you increase the strength of the magnetic field around a solenoid?

A

By adding a magnetically ‘soft’ iron core through the middle of the coil

79
Q

What do transformers do?

A

change the size of the voltage of an alternating current

PHYSICS (8 decks)

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