Paper 2 Flashcards
Aggression
Behaviour with deliberate intention to harm or injure another person
.Direct
.Indirect
Direct aggression
Aggression that involves actual physical contact with opponent
Indirect aggression
Aggression that does not involve physical contact. The act is taken out on an object.
. Bowling a fast ball in cricket
. Smashing the shuttle with power
Intrinsic motivation
Drive from within the person, for personal reasons
. Enjoyment
. Pride
. Satisfaction
Extrinsic motivation
Drive from external sources, when trying to achieve a reward. Tangible or intangible
. Trophy
Accessibility
Less access to facilities, clubs and resources
. Disability equipment
5 categories affecting sport participation
Accessibility
Attitudes
Role models
Media coverage
Stereotyping
Attitudes
Having a negative attitude of sport/exercise through bad experiences
Role models
Lack of role models for certain social groups, so these groups have no one to look up to.
Media coverage
Media coverage has big impacts on participation and funding, but tends to focus on the same sports/groups
Stereotyping
Negative stereotypes that certain groups cannot/should not participate in.
Gender
. Negative attitudes towards sports due to bad experiences
. Access to resources/time, more male football teams then female ones
. Role models, due to a lack of media coverage
. Media coverage, less coverage on female sports
. Negative stereotypes, gender stereotypes (sexism)
Ethnic groups/religion/race
. Stereotyping- certain ethnic groups are stereotyped into certain sports
. Access to facilities, equipment etc
. Eg Cricket is popular among people from India backgrounds
Family and friends
. Providing equipment and funding
. Providing transport
. Role models - family members being role models to younger family members
. Peer pressure can be positive for the participation in sport.
. Also can be negative
Participation & disability
. Access - lack of specialist facilities and coaches for disabled athletes
. Stereotyping/discrimination- assumptions that disabled people can’t do sports
. Role models/media coverage - lack of awareness and funding
. Low self esteem & confidence - joining a club
Socio economic status
A groups place within society including things like occupation, education and income
. Activities that are cheap are easily accessible - football and running
. Status sports cost lots and reduce the amount of people that take part eg golf, equestrian, cricket
Commercialisation
The process of bringing a product to market in order to make a profit
. Sports and athletes are products that can be bought or sold.
Media
Main method of receiving
information/advertising eg Tv, newspapers, radio, social media
Sponsorship
Provision of funds or other forms of support to an individual or event in return for some commercial return. Eg paying football players to wear your brands boots
Golden triangle
A cycle/link between Sport spectators - Business sponsors - Media
. Sport spectators - will buy sponsors products if marketed well. Buy merchandise from media companies and use their platforms.
. Business sponsors - need media to promote and rely on fans buying products
. Media - attract sponsors & rely on subscriptions
Golden triangle Advantages
. Increased money/sponsorship for athletes
. Money for better facilities/coaches/equipment
. Sports become more popular due to media coverage
. More coverage for spectators
. Athletes become role models
Golden triangle disadvantages
. Athletes have extra commitments in sponsors
. Increased pressure on athletes with bigger audiences
. Changes rules and formats
. Different times for matches
. Neglect less popular sports so spectators can’t watch
Sponsorship
Clothing - giving athletes clothing/shoes to wear during performances
Equipment - giving athletes equipment to use during performances
Facilities - providing money to build facilities/ advertising at a ground
Advantages of sponsorships
. Increased money for athletes
. Free facilities
. New technology
. Increased brand awareness
. Brand is associated with success
. Tax
. Increased sport awareness
Closed skills
Skills that are not affected by the environment
Open skills
Skills affected by the environment
Self paced skills
Are controlled by the performer
. The performer decides in when to execute the skill
E.g bowling cricket, serve in badminton
Externally paced skills
Controlled by the environment
. Involves decisions and a reaction
. Most cases the opponent controls the rate of performance
E.g catch in cricket, goalkeeper save
Basic skills
Do not include complicated movements
. Generic to many sports
E.g throwing a cricket ball, running, jumping
Complex skills
More difficult
. Complicated movements that require high level coordination and control
E.g tennis serve, golf drive
Skill definition
A learned action with the intention of brining about pre determined results with maximum certainty and minimum time effort
Ability definition
An inherited, stable trait that determines an individuals potential to learn or acquire a skill
Gross skill
. Large muscle groups used
. Arms and leg movements
. Powerful movements with little precision
E.g swimming, kicking a football, running
Fine skills
. Small muscle groups used
. Involves small parts of the body
. Intricate movements with precision and control
E.g throwing a dart, putt in golf
Performance goals
. Personal standard to be achieved
. Focused on personal improvement
. Compares to previous results
Outcome goal
. Focus on the end result (win or lose)
. Involves comparisons to other people (beating opposition)
E.g win the football match by 3 goals
SMART Goals
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Accepted
R - Realistic
T - Time bound
Specific
The target must be specific to the demands of the sport, muscles used or movements involved
Measurable
It must be possible to measure wether the target set has been met, having numbers help
E.g if you want to run 400m in 60 seconds it must be timed
Accepted
The target must be accepted by the performer and others involved in training
. Such as the performers coach or teammates
E.g meeting with coach to set season targets
Realistic
The target must actually be possible to complete and attain
E.g improving bleep test from 9 to 9.5 in the space of 3 weeks
Time bound
The target must have an end point, or be set over a stated period of time
E.g improve 100m sprint by 0.5s in the space of 3 months
Information processing model
Input + decision making + output + feedback
Input
Information from the display (senses), selective attention
Decision Making
Selection of appropriate response from short term and long term memory
Output
Information sent to appropriate muscles to carry out the response
Feedback
Received via intrinsic an extrinsic feedback
. Self feedback from feelings
. External feedback form e.g coaches
Visual guidance
guidance that you can see
. Demonstration of skill
. Can also help make a mental image
. Good for beginners
. Saves time
Verbal guidance
Guidance provided by someone talking/speaking to you
. Helps beginners get key points
. Experts talk tactics and strategies
Mechanical guidance
Using mechanical aid/equipment to help supports the learner and shapes the skill
. Beginners get that kinaesthetic feel for the skill
E.g harness when trampolining
Manual guidance
Physical moving (handling) the learner through the correct movement
. Boosts confidence
. Safety
. Kinaesthetic feel
Intrinsic feedback
Is the physical feel of a movement by the player
. Player after finishing the skill will have an feel after the action
Extrinsic feedback
Provided by external sources such as a coach during or after a performance
. Coach gives you feedback after a golf shot
Knowledge of results
focuses on the end of the performance or result and the outcome
Knowledge of performance
Focuses on how well the athlete performed
Positive feedback
experienced when the performer achieves the outcome intended
. Rugby player sees the pass being caught
Negative feedback
Experienced when a performer doesn’t achieve the intended outcome
. Missed football shot
Introvert
tend to play sports that require concentration and involve fine skills
. Low arousal
. Tend to play individual sports
Extrovert
Tend to play sports that are fast paced and involve gross skills and low levels of concentration
. High arousal
. Sociable
. Tend to play team sports
5 performance enhancing drugs
. Anabolic agents
. Stimulants
. Narcotic analgesics
. Peptide hormones (EPO)
. Diuretics
Anabolic agents
Drugs that mimic the hormone testosterone
. Increase muscle size/strength
. Used in bodybuilding and weight lifting
. Kidney and liver damage
Stimulants
Stimulants speed up brain activity. Increase alertness and reduce fatigue
. Adrenaline
. High blood pressure
. Can cause strokes
Narcotic analgesics
Narcotic analgesics reduce the feeling of pain. Relieves pain from certain areas which usually have injuries
. Pain is suppressed
. Addiction
. Can cause the person to worsen the injury
Peptide hormone (EPO)
peptide hormone causes the production of other hormones such as Erythropoietin (EPO). Erythropoietin is a hormone that increases red load cell production
. Blood doping - increase red blood cell count
Diuretics
Diuretics remove fluid from the body quickly by increasing the rate of urination
Benefits:
. Rapid weight loss
. Masking agent
. Removes illegal substances
Side effects: dehydration, nausea and kidney failure
Gamesmanship
Gaining an unfair advantage by bending the rules
Sportsmanship
Playing within the rules of the game
. Playing fairly
Etiquette
Involves payers following the written and unwritten rules of the game/sport
Mesomorph
High % of muscle
B-road shoulders
Narrow hips
Low fat %
. Suited to sports that involve strength, speed and power
Ectomorph
Tall an thin
Low muscle %
Low fat %
High centre of gravity
. Struggle with power and strength
Endomorph
Pear shaped body
Narrow shoulders
Wide hips
High body fat %
. struggle at events that require cardio vascular endurance
Positive of spectators
. Creates a positive atmosphere for players
. Home advantage
. Income for team as tickets are sold
Strategies to stop hooliganism
. Early kick off
. Segregation of fans
. Increased security
. All seater stadiums
. Ban alcohol
Risks of a sedentary lifestyle
. Risk of developing health conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure
Sedentary lifestyle
A sedentary lifestyle is one with no or irregular physical activity and an excessive amount of daily sitting.
Arousal
Arousal is the level of activation and alertness experienced by a performer
Low arousal - IN U theory
Under arousal are usually linked the low quality performances
. Alertness is lower is the level of focus is low
. Can cause boredom
Optimal arousal - IN U theory
The peak of a athletes performance
E.g when a boxer is in the zone when boxing
High Arousal - IN U theory
Over arousal causes a decrease in the quality of an athletes performance
E.g a football panicking when going 3-0 down and so loses their head
Low arousal
A sporting example for a suited low arousal sport is darts as the performers HR must be low.
. Low HR helps with stability and accuracy
. Fine skills with fully controlled skills
High arousal
. High arousal can be used in rugby to make a tackle on the opponent.
. High arousal suits a rugby tackle as all the athletes strength must be used to tackle the player over/backwards
Arousal/stress management techniques
. Deep breathing
. Mental rehearsal/ visualisation
. Positive self-talk
Positive impact of technology on a performer
Equipment And Footwear research has altered sporting equipment to make performances faster and aid recovery
Positive impacts of technology on the sport
. Increases the competitiveness of the sport
. Can help popularity of sport
. Improves safety of sport
.
Blood doping
The removal of blood a few weeks prior to a comp
. The blood is then enhanced with a higher red blood cell count
. Re injected back into the blood stream before comp
. Increases oxygen that is transported to muscles
Blood doping Side effects
. Thickening of blood(viscosity)
. Potential infection or diseases
. Heart attack risk
. Causes blockage of vessels
Beta blockers
Taken to :
. Reduce heart rate
. Reduce muscle tension
. Reduce blood pressure
. Reduces the effects of adrenaline
. Improves fine control
Beta blockers side effects
. Nausea
. Fatigue
. Lower then usual heart rate
. Blood pressure gets too low
. Irregular heart rhythms
Advantages of Performance enhancing drugs
. Increased chance of success
. Fame
. Wealth
Disadvantages of Performance enhancing drugs
. Cheating/immoral
. Health risks
. Fines
. Bans
. Reputation damaged
Negative impacts of spectators
. Un needed pressure on athletes so performance quality is lower
. Hooliganism is created
. Safety costs
. Younger performer participation is tested
