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CHEMISTRY > PAPER 2 > Flashcards

PAPER 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for the constant reforming and break dwn of ozone

A
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2
Q

what is the equation for the formation of chlorine free radicals from CFCs in the atmosphere

A
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3
Q

what are the equations for the depletion of ozone

A
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4
Q

what are the equations for the depletion of ozone by nitorgen oxide

A
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5
Q

why was the benzene model accepted over the kekule model

A
  • x-ray evidence suggests that tghe length of the c-c bonds are all the same length, between the shot c=c and the longer c-c
  • only reacts with bromine/decolourises it at high temp or with the presence of a halogen carrier
  • enthapy of hydrogenation is less exothermic than expected for kekules (-360kj vs -208kj)
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6
Q

what are the electron withdrawing groups

A

NO2
COOH
3,5 directing

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7
Q

what are electron donating groups

A

OH
NH2
2,4,6 directing

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8
Q

formula for reaction of an aldehyde and tollens

A

aldehyde becomes a carboxylic acid and 2Ag and 2 H+

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9
Q

anahydride + alcohol

A

ester + carboxylic acid

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10
Q

NaOH + ester

A

salt (fromthe cooh) + alcohol

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11
Q

acyl chloride + alcohol

A

ester + HCl

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12
Q

whta is observedin many reactions with acylchlorides

A

white fumes of HCl

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13
Q

what is observed when forming primary amide

A

NH4Cl white smoke given off

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14
Q

acylchloride + phenol

A

ester + HCL fumes

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15
Q

amine + acid

A

ammonium salt (NH4+ (acid-)

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16
Q

ammonium salt + NaOH

A

convert back to amine

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17
Q

draw mechanism for ammonia/ethanol and haloalkane

A
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18
Q

nitrobenzene to aromatic amine

BLURT ALL

A
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19
Q

isoelectric point if R group is an amine

A

over 10

20
Q

isoelectric point if R group is an carboxylic acid

A

below 3

21
Q

how can peptide bonds be hydrolysed

A

acid or base

22
Q

what words are used to describe optical isomers

A
  • non-superimpossible mirror images
  • ennantiomers
23
Q

why do e/z isomers in a ring only have one isomer

A
  • the ring is strained
  • ring locks the groups on one side of the double bond

DONT SAY BC IT CANT ROTATR CUZ C=C CANNOT ROTATE ANYWAY

24
Q

WHEN ASKED FOR TYPE OF POLYMER SAY

A

POLYAMIDE
POLYESTER
ADDITIONPOLYNER

25
Q

WHEN ASKED FOR TYPE OF POLMERISATION

A

CONDENSATION
ADDITION

26
Q

condensation with acylchlorides release what rather than H2O

A

HCl

27
Q

why is it beneeficial to use acylchlorides rather than carboxylic acids in polmerisation

A
  • higher yeild as reaction is not reversible and instead goes to completion

BUT it releases hazardous HCl fumes

28
Q

what is a COOH group on a benzene going to do to reactivity

A

decrease as it it an e- withdrawing group

29
Q

define sigma and pi bond

A

σ-bond: Overlap of orbitals between (bonding) atoms
π-bond: Sideways overlap of (adjacent) p-orbitals

30
Q

developing agents for TLC

A

ninhydrin ( sprayed on)
UV light

31
Q

why would two amino acids appear as one spot on TLC ???

A
  • because they have very similar rf values similar affinities for either phase
  • partially hydrolyseed or unhydrolysed
32
Q

important feature of carrier gas in Gass chromatogpraphy

A

unreactive
inert

33
Q

what is the mobile phase in gas chromatography

A
  • inert gas e.g. helium
34
Q

what is the stationary phase in gas chromatography

A

High BP liquich absorbed into a solid
porous support solid…

35
Q

how are chemicals usually identified when then come out of gas chromatography

A
  • mass spec
36
Q

what would u use to hydrolyse a protein

A

CONCENTRATED HCL

37
Q

how does a liquid stationary phase seperate a mixture

A

relative solubility

38
Q

how does a solid staionary phase sperate mixture

A

adsorption

39
Q

what are 2 solvents used in H NMR

A

CCl4 - non polar solvent
CDCl3 - polar solvent

40
Q

what is used to calibrate H NMR ( and C)

A

TMS
tetramethylsilane

41
Q

why is TMS used

A
  • only 1 peak
  • peak is far from others
  • inert
  • ## non-toxic
42
Q

why is D2O used

A

to identify protons in O-H and N-H

43
Q

what does chemical shift show

A

the relatice scale of how far frequency of protons signal shifted from TMS

44
Q

why is ozone important

A

it basorbs / filters out harmful UV rays that can cause skin cancer in humans

45
Q

what causes the ocnstant break down of ozone

A

uv light

46
Q

what is a carboxylate ion

A

RCOO-

CHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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