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Biology mocks > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Role of ADH in kidneys:

A
  • stimulates addition of channel proteins into membrane
  • increases permeability to water
  • by osmosis
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2
Q

Sympatric speciation:

A
  • occurs in the same population
  • mutations cause…
  • reproductive isolation
  • changes in allele frequency
  • eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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3
Q

How less CO2 effects nervous control of the heart rate:

A
  • Less CO2
  • detected by chemoreceptors
  • fewer impulses to medulla
  • fewer impulses to medulla
  • fewer impulses along sympathetic pathway to SAN
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4
Q

Sympatric speciation:

A
  • not geographically isolated
  • reproductively isolated
  • changes in allele frequency
  • cannot breed to produce fertile offspring
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5
Q

Increase in allele frequency in population:

A
  • allele due to mutation
  • individuals with advantageous allele are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • directional selection
  • frequency of allele increases (one extreme allele increases)
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6
Q

Mutations cause different flowering times:

A
  • reproductive isolation
  • change in frequency of alleles
  • Eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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7
Q

Why does glucose appear in urine with undiagnosed diabetes:

A
  • high conc. of glucose in blood
  • not all glucose is reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule
  • carrier proteins are working at maximum rate
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8
Q

Glycolysis:

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose using atp
  • oxidation of triose phosphate into pyruvate
  • net gain of ATP
  • NAD reduced
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9
Q

Light independent reaction:

A
  • CO2 reacts with RUBP
  • produce 2 GP using enzyme rubisco
  • GP converted to TP
  • using reduced NADP
  • using energy from ATP
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10
Q

Speciation due to geographical isolation:

A
  • geographical isolation
  • reproductive isolation
  • different selection pressures
  • advantageous alleles passed on
  • different species cannot breed to produce fertile offspring
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11
Q

High hydrostatic pressure in kidneys:

A
  • water and glucose pass out
  • through small pores in capillary endothelium
  • through capillary basement membrane
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12
Q

Consequences of thicker medulla:

A
  • means longer loop of Henle
  • means increase in sodium ion concentration in medulla
  • more water is reabsorbed from the loop of henle
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13
Q

Transmission across cholinergic synapse:

A
  • depolarisation of presynaptic membrane
  • calcium channels open and calcium ions enter
  • causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across
  • attaches to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
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14
Q

If neurone becomes more negative:

A
  • more sodium ions required to reach threshold
  • for depolarisation
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15
Q

Structure of tropomyosin:

A
  • light band is actin
  • h zone is only myosin
  • overlapping region is actin & myosin
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16
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscles:

A
  • calcium ions bind to tropomyosin
  • tropomyosin moved from binding site
  • actinomyosin bridges formed
  • myosin head moves
  • myosin pulls actin
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17
Q

Low pH changes shape of calcium ion receptors:

A
  • fewer calcium ions bind to tropomyosin
  • fewer tropomyosin molecules move away
  • fewer binding sites on actin revealed
  • fewer cross-bridges can form
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18
Q

Binding of insulin leads to an increase in the rate of respiration:

A
  • leads to more channel proteins for glucose
  • more glucose enters cell
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19
Q

How does ultrafiltration occur:

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • water and glucose pass out
  • through small gaps in endothelium
  • through basement membrane
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20
Q

Pressure to Pacinian corpuscle:

A
  • pressure causes lamellae to become deformed
  • sodium ion channels open in membrane and sodium ions move in
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21
Q

Resting potential is maintained in sensory neurone:

A
  • membrane more permeable to potassium ions and less permeable to sodium ions
  • sodium ions actively transported out and potassium ions in
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22
Q

Exercise causes an increase in heart rate:

A
  • chemoreceptors detect rise in CO2
  • sends impulses to medulla
  • more impulses to SAN
  • by sympathetic nervous system
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23
Q

Less nitrification:

A
  • less conversion of ammonium ions to nitrate and nitrite ions
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24
Q

Role of saprobionts:

A
  • use enzymes to decompose proteins
  • releasing ammonia
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25
Q

Contains nitrogen:

A
  • amino acid
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • atp
  • NADP
  • cyclic amp
  • chlorophyll
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26
Q

Photoionisation:

A
  • light energy excites the electrons In chlorophyll
  • electrons are lost
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27
Q

Benefits of converting to lactate:

A
  • regenerates NAD
  • so glycolysis continues
28
Q

Why pancreas transplants not used for type II diabetes:

A
  • type II produce insulin
  • Cells less sensitive to insulin
  • treated by diet/exercise
29
Q

Role of glucagon in gluconeogenesis:

A
  • attaches to receptors on target cells and actives enzymes
  • glycerol into glucose
30
Q

Chemicals needed for light dependent reaction:

A
  • NADP, ADP, Pi and water
31
Q

Reduction in transfer of electrons down chain:

A
  • reduced transfer of electrons across thylakoid membrane
  • less atp produced
  • less reduced NADP produced
  • light independent reaction slows
32
Q

Benefits of myelination:

A
  • myelination provides electrical insulation
  • in non-myelinated neurones, depolarisation occurs along length of axon
  • in myelinated saltatory conduction occurs
33
Q

Cones:

A
  • high visual acuity
  • each cone is connected to a single neurone
  • cone sends separate sets of impulses to the brain
34
Q

Rods:

A
  • high visual sensitivity
  • several rods connected to a single neurone
  • enough neurotransmitter to overcome threshold
35
Q

Role of calcium ions and ATP in contraction of muscle cells:

A
  • calcium ions diffuse into myofibrils from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • causes movement of tropomyosin
  • exposure of binding site on actin
  • myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin
  • hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin heads to bend
  • bending pulling actin molecules
36
Q

Mark-release-capture method:

A
  • capture, mark and release
  • leave time for mosquitoes to disperse before second collection
  • population = number in first sample x number in second sample divided by number marked in second sample
37
Q

Being able to exercise for longer:

A
  • more aerobic respiration produces more ATP
  • anaerobic respiration delayed
  • less lactate
38
Q

Sympatric speciation:

A
  • occurs in the same habitat
  • mutations cause different flowering times
  • reproductive isolation
  • change in frequency of alleles
  • eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
39
Q

Why DCPIP becomes colourless:

A
  • reduction of DCPIP by electrons
  • light dependent reaction
40
Q

NPP:

A

GPP - respiration

41
Q

Why observed phenotypic ratios are not the same as expected:

A
  • epistasis
  • random fertilisation of gametes
  • linked genes
42
Q

How can morphine provide pain relief:

A
  • morphine attaches to opioid receptors
  • more dopamine released
43
Q

Negatively charged chloride ions enter post-synaptic neurone. Explain how this inhibits post-synaptic neurones:

A
  • inside postsynaptic neurone, neurone becomes more negative
  • more sodium ions required to reach threshold
  • for depolarisation
44
Q

Genome:

A
  • all the DNA in a cell
45
Q

Describe and explain how succession occurs:

A
  • colonisation by pioneer species
  • pioneer species changes abiotic factors
  • environment becomes less hostile for other species
  • increases biodiversity
  • to climax community
46
Q

How a single base substitution causes a change in the structure of a polypeptide:

A
  • change in sequence of amino acids
  • change in primary structure
  • change in hydrogen bonds
  • alters tertiary structure
47
Q

Describe and explain how digesting insects helps plants to grow in soil with very low concentration of nutrients:

A
  • digestion of proteins
  • provides amino acids
  • digestion of DNA
  • provides nucleotides
48
Q

Factors needed for heidy Weinberg principal to work:

A
  • no mutation
  • no random mating
  • no immigration
49
Q

Temporal summation:

A
  • several impulses in a short time provide enough neurotransmitter to reach threshold
50
Q

Which part of the body releases ADH into the blood:

A

Posterior pituitary gland

51
Q

Effect of respiratory inhibitor on neurone:

A
  • less atp produced
  • less active transport
  • electrochemical gradient not maintained
52
Q

How succession results in a wide variety of animals in an area:

A
  • increase in number of species
  • provides different habitats
53
Q

How you could produce a calibration curve using a known concentration (like that practical):

A
  • use distilled water and ____ solution to create a dilution series
  • addition of detecting solution to each
  • use a constant volume of solution
  • record absorbance of solution using a colorimeter
  • plot concentration of solution against absorbance
54
Q

phenotype:

A
  • appearance due to genotype
  • appearance due to environment
55
Q

Statistical test used to determine if the observed frequencies differ significantly from the frequencies expected:

A
  • Chi squared
56
Q

How to produce a calibration curve for (creatinine):

A
  • use distilled water and creatinine solution to produce dilution series
  • addition of detecting solution
  • Using a constant volume of a solution
  • record absorbance of solution using a colorimeter
  • plot concentration of solution against absorbance
57
Q

Explain how inhibiting adenylate cyclase may lower the blood glucose level:

A
  • Less ATP converted to cyclic AMP
  • less kinase activity
  • less glycogen converted to glucose
58
Q

Kreb’s Cycle:

A
  • acetylcoenzyme A would enter the cycle
  • generates reduced coenzymes
  • ATP produced
59
Q

How does atrioventricular valve maintain a unidirectional flow of blood:

A
  • pressure in left atrium is higher than in ventricle, causing valve to open
  • pressure in left ventricle is higher than in atrium causing valve to close
60
Q

Method to determine the mean percentage cover:

A
  • method of randomly determining position, e.g random number generator
  • large number of quadrats
  • divide total number by number of quadrats
61
Q

Explain how succession results in a wide variety of species:

A
  • increase in a variety of species
  • provides more niches/ different habitats
62
Q

Allopatric speciation:

A
  • different selection pressures
  • reproductive isolation
  • change in frequency of alleles
  • eventually different species cannot breed to produce fertile offspring
63
Q

Inserting gene into plasmid:

A
  • restriction endonuclease cuts plasmids
  • ligase joins ‘sticky ends’
64
Q

Glycogenesis:

A
  • activated by insulin
  • glucose into glycogen
65
Q

Glycogenolysis:

A
  • activated by glucagon
  • glycogen into glucose

Biology mocks (4 decks)

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