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Biology mocks > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of ADH in kidneys:

A
  • stimulates addition of channel proteins into membrane
  • increases permeability to water
  • by osmosis
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2
Q

Sympatric speciation:

A
  • occurs in the same population
  • mutations cause…
  • reproductive isolation
  • changes in allele frequency
  • eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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3
Q

How less CO2 effects nervous control of the heart rate:

A
  • Less CO2
  • detected by chemoreceptors
  • fewer impulses to medulla
  • fewer impulses to medulla
  • fewer impulses along sympathetic pathway to SAN
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4
Q

Sympatric speciation:

A
  • not geographically isolated
  • reproductively isolated
  • changes in allele frequency
  • cannot breed to produce fertile offspring
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5
Q

Increase in allele frequency in population:

A
  • allele due to mutation
  • individuals with advantageous allele are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • directional selection
  • frequency of allele increases (one extreme allele increases)
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6
Q

Mutations cause different flowering times:

A
  • reproductive isolation
  • change in frequency of alleles
  • Eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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7
Q

Why does glucose appear in urine with undiagnosed diabetes:

A
  • high conc. of glucose in blood
  • not all glucose is reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule
  • carrier proteins are working at maximum rate
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8
Q

Glycolysis:

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose using atp
  • oxidation of triose phosphate into pyruvate
  • net gain of ATP
  • NAD reduced
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9
Q

Light independent reaction:

A
  • CO2 reacts with RUBP
  • produce 2 GP using enzyme rubisco
  • GP converted to TP
  • using reduced NADP
  • using energy from ATP
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10
Q

Speciation due to geographical isolation:

A
  • geographical isolation
  • reproductive isolation
  • different selection pressures
  • advantageous alleles passed on
  • different species cannot breed to produce fertile offspring
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11
Q

High hydrostatic pressure in kidneys:

A
  • water and glucose pass out
  • through small pores in capillary endothelium
  • through capillary basement membrane
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12
Q

Consequences of thicker medulla:

A
  • means longer loop of Henle
  • means increase in sodium ion concentration in medulla
  • more water is reabsorbed from the loop of henle
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13
Q

Transmission across cholinergic synapse:

A
  • depolarisation of presynaptic membrane
  • calcium channels open and calcium ions enter
  • causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across
  • attaches to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
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14
Q

If neurone becomes more negative:

A
  • more sodium ions required to reach threshold
  • for depolarisation
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15
Q

Structure of tropomyosin:

A
  • light band is actin
  • h zone is only myosin
  • overlapping region is actin & myosin
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16
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscles:

A
  • calcium ions bind to tropomyosin
  • tropomyosin moved from binding site
  • actinomyosin bridges formed
  • myosin head moves
  • myosin pulls actin
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17
Q

Low pH changes shape of calcium ion receptors:

A
  • fewer calcium ions bind to tropomyosin
  • fewer tropomyosin molecules move away
  • fewer binding sites on actin revealed
  • fewer cross-bridges can form
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18
Q

Binding of insulin leads to an increase in the rate of respiration:

A
  • leads to more channel proteins for glucose
  • more glucose enters cell
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19
Q

How does ultrafiltration occur:

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • water and glucose pass out
  • through small gaps in endothelium
  • through basement membrane
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20
Q

Pressure to Pacinian corpuscle:

A
  • pressure causes lamellae to become deformed
  • sodium ion channels open in membrane and sodium ions move in
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21
Q

Resting potential is maintained in sensory neurone:

A
  • membrane more permeable to potassium ions and less permeable to sodium ions
  • sodium ions actively transported out and potassium ions in
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22
Q

Exercise causes an increase in heart rate:

A
  • chemoreceptors detect rise in CO2
  • sends impulses to medulla
  • more impulses to SAN
  • by sympathetic nervous system
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23
Q

Less nitrification:

A
  • less conversion of ammonium ions to nitrate and nitrite ions
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24
Q

Role of saprobionts:

A
  • use enzymes to decompose proteins
  • releasing ammonia
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25
Contains nitrogen:
- amino acid - DNA - RNA - atp - NADP - cyclic amp - chlorophyll
26
Photoionisation:
- light energy excites the electrons In chlorophyll - electrons are lost
27
Benefits of converting to lactate:
- regenerates NAD - so glycolysis continues
28
Why pancreas transplants not used for type II diabetes:
- type II produce insulin - Cells less sensitive to insulin - treated by diet/exercise
29
Role of glucagon in gluconeogenesis:
- attaches to receptors on target cells and actives enzymes - glycerol into glucose
30
Chemicals needed for light dependent reaction:
- NADP, ADP, Pi and water
31
Reduction in transfer of electrons down chain:
- reduced transfer of electrons across thylakoid membrane - less atp produced - less reduced NADP produced - light independent reaction slows
32
Benefits of myelination:
- myelination provides electrical insulation - in non-myelinated neurones, depolarisation occurs along length of axon - in myelinated saltatory conduction occurs
33
Cones:
- high visual acuity - each cone is connected to a single neurone - cone sends separate sets of impulses to the brain
34
Rods:
- high visual sensitivity - several rods connected to a single neurone - enough neurotransmitter to overcome threshold
35
Role of calcium ions and ATP in contraction of muscle cells:
- calcium ions diffuse into myofibrils from sarcoplasmic reticulum - causes movement of tropomyosin - exposure of binding site on actin - myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin - hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin heads to bend - bending pulling actin molecules
36
Mark-release-capture method:
- capture, mark and release - leave time for mosquitoes to disperse before second collection - population = number in first sample x number in second sample divided by number marked in second sample
37
Being able to exercise for longer:
- more aerobic respiration produces more ATP - anaerobic respiration delayed - less lactate
38
Sympatric speciation:
- occurs in the same habitat - mutations cause different flowering times - reproductive isolation - change in frequency of alleles - eventually different species cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
39
Why DCPIP becomes colourless:
- reduction of DCPIP by electrons - light dependent reaction
40
NPP:
GPP - respiration
41
Why observed phenotypic ratios are not the same as expected:
- epistasis - random fertilisation of gametes - linked genes
42
How can morphine provide pain relief:
- morphine attaches to opioid receptors - more dopamine released
43
Negatively charged chloride ions enter post-synaptic neurone. Explain how this inhibits post-synaptic neurones:
- inside postsynaptic neurone, neurone becomes more negative - more sodium ions required to reach threshold - for depolarisation
44
Genome:
- all the DNA in a cell
45
Describe and explain how succession occurs:
- colonisation by pioneer species - pioneer species changes abiotic factors - environment becomes less hostile for other species - increases biodiversity - to climax community
46
How a single base substitution causes a change in the structure of a polypeptide:
- change in sequence of amino acids - change in primary structure - change in hydrogen bonds - alters tertiary structure
47
Describe and explain how digesting insects helps plants to grow in soil with very low concentration of nutrients:
- digestion of proteins - provides amino acids - digestion of DNA - provides nucleotides
48
Factors needed for heidy Weinberg principal to work:
- no mutation - no random mating - no immigration
49
Temporal summation:
- several impulses in a short time provide enough neurotransmitter to reach threshold
50
Which part of the body releases ADH into the blood:
Posterior pituitary gland
51
Effect of respiratory inhibitor on neurone:
- less atp produced - less active transport - electrochemical gradient not maintained
52
How succession results in a wide variety of animals in an area:
- increase in number of species - provides different habitats
53
How you could produce a calibration curve using a known concentration (like that practical):
- use distilled water and ____ solution to create a dilution series - addition of detecting solution to each - use a constant volume of solution - record absorbance of solution using a colorimeter - plot concentration of solution against absorbance
54
phenotype:
- appearance due to genotype - appearance due to environment
55
Statistical test used to determine if the observed frequencies differ significantly from the frequencies expected:
- Chi squared
56
How to produce a calibration curve for (creatinine):
- use distilled water and creatinine solution to produce dilution series - addition of detecting solution - Using a constant volume of a solution - record absorbance of solution using a colorimeter - plot concentration of solution against absorbance
57
Explain how inhibiting adenylate cyclase may lower the blood glucose level:
- Less ATP converted to cyclic AMP - less kinase activity - less glycogen converted to glucose
58
Kreb's Cycle:
- acetylcoenzyme A would enter the cycle - generates reduced coenzymes - ATP produced
59
How does atrioventricular valve maintain a unidirectional flow of blood:
- pressure in left atrium is higher than in ventricle, causing valve to open - pressure in left ventricle is higher than in atrium causing valve to close
60
Method to determine the mean percentage cover:
- method of randomly determining position, e.g random number generator - large number of quadrats - divide total number by number of quadrats
61
Explain how succession results in a wide variety of species:
- increase in a variety of species - provides more niches/ different habitats
62
Allopatric speciation:
- different selection pressures - reproductive isolation - change in frequency of alleles - eventually different species cannot breed to produce fertile offspring
63
Inserting gene into plasmid:
- restriction endonuclease cuts plasmids - ligase joins 'sticky ends'
64
Glycogenesis:
- activated by insulin - glucose into glycogen
65
Glycogenolysis:
- activated by glucagon - glycogen into glucose

Biology mocks (4 decks)

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