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Biology mocks > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mass flow hypothesis:

A

-In source, sugar actively transported into phloem
- by companion cells
- lowers water potential of sieve cell and water enters by osmosis

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2
Q

Cohesion-tension theory:

A
  • evaporation of water from leaf cells
  • lowers water potential of leaf cells
  • water pulled up xylem creating pressure
  • water molecules cohere by hydrogen bonds
  • forming water column
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3
Q

Nucleus structure and function:

A
  • Nuclear envelope and pores
  • double membrane
  • Nucleoli
  • Stores genetic information for polypeptide production
  • DNA replication
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4
Q

Rate of transpiration increases during the day because:

A
  • Rate of transpiration increases due to increased temp.
  • increased water diffusion gradient
  • stomata are open to allow gas exchange
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5
Q

Transport of carbohydrates in plants:

A
  • Sucrose actively transported into phloem
  • by companion cells
  • lowers water potential and water enters by osmosis
  • produces higher hydrostatic pressure
  • removed from phloem by active transport
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6
Q

Induced fit:

A
  • Substrate binds to active site
  • active site changes shape slightly so complementary to substrate
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7
Q

Role of micelles:

A
  • Carries fatty acids to lining
  • maintains higher conc. of fatty acids to lining
  • fatty acids absorbed by diffusion
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8
Q

How an enzyme is phosphorylated:

A
  • attachment of phosphate
  • From hydrolysis of ATP
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9
Q

Formation of ES complex increases rate of reaction:

A

-Reduces activation energy
-Due to bending bonds

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10
Q

General structure of an amino acid:

A

R
H2N - C - COOH
H

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11
Q

Degenerate code means:

A
  • More than one codon codes for a single amino acid
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12
Q

Vaccination programme and humoral response:

A
  • B cells specific to the venom divide by mitosis
  • Produce plasma cells and memory cells
  • Second dose produces antibodies in higher conc. and quickly
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13
Q

Role of DNA helicase and polymerase:

A
  • DNA helicase causes breaking of hydrogen bonds
  • DNA polymerase joins nucleotides
  • Forming phosphodiester bonds
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14
Q

Gross structure of human gas exchange and how we breathe:

A
  • Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
  • Breathing in: Diaphragm contracts and external intercostal muscles contract
    Volume increases and pressure decreases in thoracic cavity
  • Breathing out: Diaphragm relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract
    Volume decrease and pressure increases in thoracic cavity
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15
Q

Structure and property of triglycerides and phospholipids:

A
  • Contains glycerol
  • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
  • Insoluble in water
  • Triglycerides have three fatty acid and phospholipids have two fatty acids plus one phosphate group
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16
Q

Formation of lactose:

A
  • Glucose + galactose
  • Joined by condensation reaction
  • Joined by glycosidic bonds
  • Added to polypeptide in golgi apparatus = glycoprotein
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17
Q

Non- competitive inhibitor:

A
  • Binds to an area other than the active site
  • Changes shape of active site
  • No longer complementary so less E-S complexes form
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18
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of more hedgerows:

A
  • Greater biodiversity so increase in predators of pests
  • More difficult to farm so less income
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19
Q

Stabilising selection:

A
  • extreme (feature) less likely to survive and reproduce and so less likely to pass on their alleles
  • (feature) decreases in frequency
  • alleles decrease in frequency
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20
Q

Structure of HIV:

A
  • RNA
  • reverse transcriptase
  • capsid
  • phospholipid envelope
  • attachment proteins
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21
Q

Elisa test:

A
  • add antibody to cells
  • wash to remove excess antibody
  • add second antibody with enzyme attached
  • add substrate to cause colour change
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22
Q

How plants could survive without xylem:

A
  • short diffusion pathway (for water)
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23
Q

Leaf growth on xerophytic plants:

A
  • slow growth
  • due to smaller number of stomata
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24
Q

Why slow growth with very little water in soil:

A
  • stomata close (to prevents transpiration)
  • Less CO2 uptake so less photosynthesis
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25
Q

P Values and null hypothesis:

A

Probability that difference is due to chance is less than 0.05
Null hypothesis can be rejected, in these cases

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26
Q

Hydrolysis:

A

Breaks chemical bond between monomers and uses water

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27
Q

Condensation:

A

Joins monomers together and forms a chemical bond and releases water
Examples:
Beta glucose and cellulose
Alpha glucose and starch

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28
Q

Monomer definition:

A

small, repeating unit from which larger molecules are made

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29
Q

Test for non reducing sugar:

A
  • Heat with acid and neutralise
  • Heat with benedicts
  • Red precipitate
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30
Q

Differences between cellulose and glycogen:

A
  • cellulose is made of beta glucose and glycogen is made of alpha glucose
  • cellulose has straight chains and glucose is branched
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31
Q

Features of starch that make it a good storage molecule:

A
  • Branched so makes molecule compact
  • insoluble so does not affect water potential
  • polymer of a glucose so provides glucose for respiration
  • large so can’t cross cell membrane
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32
Q

Explain how the structure of protein is determined by amino acids it contains:

A
  • structure is determined by the position of amino acids
  • primary structure is the sequence of amino acids
  • secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonding
  • tertiary structure formed by disulfide bridges
  • quaternary structure contains one or more polypeptide chain
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33
Q

Bonds between amino acids:

A
  • one amine group joins to carboxyl to forma peptide bond
  • condensation reaction
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34
Q

Active site of an enzyme causes a high rate of reaction:

A
  • lowers activation energy
  • induced fit causes active site to change shape
  • emzyme-substrate complex causes bonds to break
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35
Q

Biochemical test for protein:

A
  • add bieuret reagent
  • (sodium hydroxide + copper II sulfate solution)
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36
Q

Dipeptide similarities and differences:

A
  • Amine group and carboxyl group (same)
  • Variable r groups (different)
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37
Q

Structure of DNA:

A
  • Polymer of nucleotide
  • Each nucleotide formed from deoxyribose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
  • phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides
  • double helix
  • hydrogen bonds between adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.
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38
Q

How phosphodiester bond forms:

A
  • Condensation reaction
  • Phosphate and deoxyribose
  • catalysed by DNA polymerase
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39
Q

Why does DNA polymerase work in opposite directions:

A
  • DNA has antiparallel strands
  • Shape of the nucleotides is different
  • Enzymes have active sites with specific shapes
  • Only the 3’ end can bind with active site of enzyme
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40
Q

Why nucleotides can only be added in a 5’ to 3’ direction:

A
  • DNA polymerase
  • is specific
  • only complementary to 5’ end
  • shapes of 5’ end and 3’ end are different
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41
Q

Formation of an ATP molecule:

A
  • Adenine, ribose and three phosphate molecules
  • Condensation reaction
  • ATP synthase
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42
Q

Five properties of water that are important for organisms:

A
  • A metabolite in condensation reactions
  • a solvent so reactions can occur
  • High specific heat capacity so buffers change in temp.
  • Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect
  • Cohesion so supports columns of water
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43
Q

Role of membrane-bound ATP hydrolase enzyme:

A
  • Hydrolyse of ATP into ADP and Pi releases energy
  • allows active transport of ions
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44
Q

Gene mutation and potential benefits:

A
  • change in base sequence
  • results in the formation of a new allele
  • mutation might be in an intron
  • may result in increased survival
45
Q

Definition of a tumor:

A
  • uncontrolled cell division
  • results on mass of abnormal cells
46
Q

Result of death of alveolar cells in lungs:

A
  • reduced surface area
  • increased distance for diffusion
  • reduced rate of gas exchange
47
Q

Contrasting structure of animal and prokaryotic cells:

A
  • Nucleus v free DNA
  • mitochondria v none
  • endoplasmic reticulum v none
  • no cell wall v murein cell wall
  • DNA bound to histones v DNA not associated
  • linear DNA v circular DNA
48
Q

How are triglycerides formed:

A
  • One glycerol and three fatty acids
  • Condensation reaction and removal of three molecules of water
  • Ester bond formed
49
Q

Phagocytosis of ADC (drug):

A
  • Cell engulfs ADC
  • Lysosome fuses with vesicle
  • Lysozomes digest ADC to release drug
50
Q

Prophase:

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Centromeres attach to spindle fibres
51
Q

Metaphase:

A
  • Chromosmes line up at equator of cell
52
Q

Anaphase:

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell
53
Q

How can chloroplasts be isolated:

A
  • Homogenise and filter
  • cold, isotonic and buffered solution
  • Centrifuge and remove cell debris
  • centrifuge at higher speeds until chloroplasts settle out
54
Q

Translation:

A
  • mRNA attaches to ribosomes
  • tRNA brings specific amino acid
  • tRNA anticodon binds to complementary codon on mRNA
  • Amino acids join to form peptide bond
  • with the use of ATP
55
Q

Aseptic techniques:

A
  • Sterile spreader
  • flame neck of bottle
  • lift agar plate at an angle
  • work close to upward air movement
  • disinfect surfaces
56
Q

Viral replication:

A
  • attachment proteins attach to receptors
  • viral nucleic acid enters cell
  • reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA
  • cell produces viral proteins
57
Q

Different amino acids can catalyse same reaction because:

A
  • Both active sites have same tertiary structure
  • Form enzyme-substrate complexes
58
Q

Immune response:

A
  • helper T cell binds to antigen
  • Helper t cell stimulates specific b cell
  • b cell divides by mitosis
  • forms plasma cells that release antibodies
59
Q

How to classify organisms:

A
  • Base sequence of DNA
  • base sequence of mRNA
  • Amino acid sequence
60
Q

Adaption’s of an insects tracheal system:

A
  • Tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion distance to cells
  • highly branched so short diffusion distance to cells
  • highly branched so large surface area for gas exchange
61
Q

TEM v optical microscopes:

A
  • uses electrons v no electrons
  • greater resolution v lower resolution
  • only dead specimens v can view live specimens
  • does not show colour v shows colour
  • thinner specimens
62
Q

Features of conservative replication:

A
  • weak hydrogen bonds between bases allows the two strands to separate easily
  • two strands so both can act as templates
  • complementary base pairing allows for accurate replication
63
Q

Counter-current system in fish:

A
  • water and blood flow in opposite directions
  • maintains conc. gradient of oxygen
  • along length of lamallae
64
Q

Meiosis:

A
  • DNA replication
  • separation of homologous chromosomes in first division
  • separation of sister chromatids in second
  • produces 4 cells
65
Q

Process of denaturation at high temperatures:

A
  • More kinetic energy
  • breaks hydrogen bonds
  • changes shape of active site so fewer enzyme substrate complexes form
66
Q

How bacteria replicate:

A
  • binary fission
  • replication of circular DNA
  • division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells
  • each with a single copy of DNA
67
Q

More salt in blood plasma results in a build up of tissue fluid:

A
  • higher salt results in lower water potential of tissue fluid
  • less water returns to capillary by osmosis
68
Q

Why iron deficient plants have a reduced rate of growth:

A
  • Less thylakoid membrane
  • Less chlorophyll
  • Reduced light absorption
  • slower rate of photosynthesis
69
Q

Stages of drug trials:

A
  • Tested on other mammals to check for side effects
  • Tested on healthy humans to check for side effects
  • Investigate different concentrations to find safe dosage
70
Q

Why binding might increase rate of reaction:

A
  • binding alters tertiary structure of enzyme
  • active site changes shape slightly
  • more E-S complexes form
71
Q

Role of ATP in translation:

A
  • provides energy
  • peptide bonds form between amino acids
72
Q

Role of Golgi apparatus:

A
  • modifies triglycerides
  • combines triglycerides with proteins
73
Q

Role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid:

A
  • contraction of ventricles produces high hydrostatic pressure
  • forces water out of blood capillaries
74
Q

Process of crossing over:

A
  • homologous pairs of chromosomes form a bivalent
  • chiasma form
  • alleles are exchanged
  • producing new combinations of alleles
75
Q

DNA vs mRNA:

A
  • DNA has deoxyribose and mRNA has ribose
  • DNA has thymine and mRNA has uracil
  • DNA long and mRNA short
  • ## DNA is double stranded and mRNA is single stranded
76
Q

Found in bacteria but not plant cells:

A
  • circular DNA
  • murein cell wall
77
Q

Explain a property of iron ions that enables these ions to carry out their role in red
blood cells:

A
  • part of haem group
  • binds with oxygen
78
Q

Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from
eukaryotic cells:

A

. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum
produce (protein);
3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein
synthesis);
4 Golgi apparatus package/modify;
OR
Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by
Golgi apparatus;
5 Vesicles transport
OR
Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports

79
Q

complete digestion of starch by a mammal:

A
  • hydrolysis
  • of glycosidic bonds
  • starch to maltose by amylase
  • maltose to glucose by maltase
  • membrane bound disaccharides
80
Q

Structure of bacteria v HIV:

A
  • both have RNA
  • bacteria has a cell wall
  • both have enzyme molecules
  • HIV has capsid
81
Q

Quantitative Benedict’s tests to produce a calibration curve of
colorimeter reading against concentration of maltose:

A

Make/use maltose solutions of
known/different concentrations
(and carry out quantitative
Benedict’s test on each);
2. (Use colorimeter to) measure
colour/colorimeter value of each
solution and plot calibration
curve/graph described;
3. Find concentration of sample from
calibration curve;

82
Q

vaccine leads to production of antibody against HPV:

A

Vaccine/it contains antigen (from
HPV);
2. Displayed on antigen-presenting cells;
3. Specific helper T cell (detects antigen
and) stimulates specific B cell;
4. B cell divides/goes through
mitosis/forms clone to give plasma
cells;
5. B cell/plasma cell produces antibody;

83
Q

Features of xerophytic plants:

A
  1. Hairs so ‘trap’ water vapour
    and water potential gradient
    decreased;
  2. Stomata in pits/grooves so
    ‘trap’ water vapour and water
    potential gradient decreased;
  3. Thick (cuticle/waxy) layer so
    increases diffusion distance;
  4. Waxy layer/cuticle so reduces
    evaporation/transpiration.
  5. Rolled/folded/curled leaves so
    ‘trap’ water vapour and water
    potential gradient decreased;
  6. Spines/needles so reduces
    surface area to volume ratio;
84
Q

Features of xerophytic plants:

A
  • thick waxy layer so increases diffusion distance
  • waxy layer so reduces transpiration
  • hairs so ‘traps’ water vapour and water potential decreased
85
Q

Less iron for plants means:

A
  • less thylakoid membrane
  • less chloropyll
  • reduced light absorption
  • slower rate of photosynthesis
86
Q

Stages of drug trials before use:

A
  • tested on other mammals to check for side effects
  • tested on healthy humans for side effects
  • investigate different conc. to find safe dosage
87
Q

Non - overlapping:

A
  • each codon is separate and read in sequence
88
Q

degenerate:

A
  • more than one codon can code for a single amino acid
89
Q

universal:

A
  • some codons code for same amino acids across all organisms
90
Q

How a triglyceride forms the cell membrane:

A
  • phosphate group is hydrophilic
  • fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
  • forms a phospholipid bilayer
  • heads facing water
91
Q

Why antibiotics do not work on viruses:

A
  • do not have metabolic processes
92
Q

Importance of keeping xylem vessels open:

A
  • allows unbroken water column
  • cohesion from hydrogen bonds between water molecules
  • transpiration creates tension
93
Q

Role of golgi apparatus:

A
  • forms lysosomes
  • modifies lipids
94
Q

why insert into spinal fluid/blood:

A
  • quickly reaches spinal cord
  • broken down by enzymes
95
Q

Species richness definition:

A
  • number of different species in a community
96
Q

humoral response:

A
  • b cells (specific to..) divide/reproduce by mitosis
  • produce plasma and memory cells
97
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • sequence of DNA bases that codes for a polypeptide
98
Q

Change in environmental conditions that would increase shelf life

A
  • reduced light intensity
  • stomata close
  • decreased rate of transpiration
99
Q

how does the structure of the insect gas exchange system:
- provide cells with sufficient oxygen
- limits water loss

A
  • spiracles close so less water loss
  • highly branched tracheoles so short diffusion distance to cells
  • spiracles, tracheae, tracheoles
  • spiracles allow diffusion of oxygen
  • tracheoles are highly branched so large surface area for gas exchange
  • tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion distance
  • tracheoles are permeable to oxygen
100
Q

non-disjunction

A
  • in meiosis
  • chromosomes not separated
101
Q

Function and benefit of extracellular proteases:

A
  • to digest protein
  • so can absorb amino acids for growth
102
Q

Actions of membrane bound dipeptidases:

A
  • to hydrolyses peptide bonds to release amino acids
  • so amino acids can cross cell membrane
103
Q

how water from tissue fluid returns to capillary:

A
  • plasma proteins remain (in blood)
  • reduces water potential of blood
  • water moves to blood by osmosis
  • returns to blood by lymphatic system
104
Q

Advantage of the Bohr effect during intense exercise:

A
  • increases dissociation of oxygen
  • for aerobic respiration at the tissues
  • to delay anaerobic respiration at the tissues
105
Q

Binding of one molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin makes it easier for a
second oxygen molecule to bind:

A
  • binding of first oxygen changes tertiary structure of haemoglobin
  • creates another binding site
106
Q

method other than colorimeter to measure amount of reducing sugar:

A
  • filter and dry
  • find weight
107
Q

How a competitive inhibitor decreases rate of reaction:

A
  • inhibitor similar shape to active site
  • binds to active site
  • prevents enzyme-substrate complexes forming
108
Q

Types of diffusion:

A
  • simple diffusion of non-polar molecules down a conc. gradient
  • facilitated diffusion down a conc, gradient via channel protein
  • osmosis of water down a water potential gradient
  • active transport against a conc, gradient via protein carrier and using ATP
  • co transport of 2 different substances using a carrier protein

Biology mocks (4 decks)

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