paper 2 Flashcards
major and minor LABORATORY
Major Omissions:
DV and IV +operalisation
how - CONTROLS
Minor:
Who
Where
Other details for replication:
Experimental design
samping teqnique
sample size
how data will be analysed(e.g. use of ,measures of central tendency and spread, bar charts)
Ethical Issues
major and minor FIELD
Major Omissions:
DV and IV +operalisation
WHERE
Minor;
HOW - controls
WHO - participants
Other details for replication:
Experimental Design
Sampling Technique
Sample Size
How data will be analysed (e.g. use of ,measures of central tendency and spread, bar charts
Ethical Issues
major and minor NATURAL
Major:
DV and IV +operalisation
WHERE
Minor:
Controls
Who
Other details for replication:
Sampling Technique
Sample Size
How data will be analysed (e.g. use of averages,, bar charts
Ethical Issues
structured observation can use
Event sampling - observer is looking for certain behaviours and a tally chart or record is kept of every instance of these behaviours (e.g. in the Piliavin study where an observer recorded whether the helpers were male or female, black or white)
Time sampling - observer notes down or records the behaviour at certain times (e.g. at 5-second intervals, as done in the study by Bandura)
The reliability of observations can be checked in two ways (depending on the type of
observation):
Test-retest reliability when an observation is repeated at a later date and the two sets of observations are compared
Inter-rater reliability where two observers observe the same behaviour independently. The data are compared and the level of agreement can be calculated using a correlation test. For example, Bandura found the inter-rater reliability for pre-existing levels of aggression to be +0.89.
major and minor OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Major:
BEHAVIOURS (operationalisation if structured)
OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES - participant/non participant; naturalistic/controlled; covert/overt
Minor:
Who
Where
Other:
Sampling Technique
Sample Size
How tallying would be done
How data will be analysed (e.g. use of averages, bar charts)
Ethical Issues
minor and major CASE STUDIES
Major:
TECHNIQUES used to collect data (e.g: observations, questionnaire, interviews + description of 2 open and closed questions, participant observation…)
CONTENT - interview questions, observation details (behavioural categories, qualitative data…), test/task
USE OF DATA
Open questions interpretation, how to analyse, means, scoring…
Minor:
Who
Where
Other:
ethical issues
major and minor CORRELATIONS
MAJOR:
VARIABLE 1 (detail: correct operationalisation and quantification)
VARIABLE 2 (same as above)
TECHNIQUE - for collecting data/the procedure (tests, observations, questionnaires)
Minor:
WHERE
WHO (participants and sampling technique)
Other:
Statement of whether a positive or negative correlation is expected
Sample Size
How data will be analysed (scatter graph)
Ethical Issues
correlation definition
A measure of how strongly, two ore more variables are related to each other
Correlation can show that one variable causes an effect in another.
major and minor questionnaire
major:
CONTENT OF QUESTIONS ASKED
STYLE OF QUESTIONS ASKED (open/closed)
WHO - distribution of questionnaire to participants, source, sampling, ages, genders
minor;
WHERE
WHEN
other:
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE and SAMPLE SIZE
LIE (‘I never lie, I never swear…) and FILLER QUESTIONS
DESCRIPTION OF HOW CLOSED/OPEN QUESTIONS QUESTIONS WILL BE INTERPRETED
ETHICAL ISSUES
major si minor interview
major:
CONTENT OF QUESTIONS ASKED (topics, examples)
STYLE OF QUESTIONS ASKED (open/closed, correct ex for each, likert/rating)
INTERVIEW STRUCTURE DETAIL
If structured details on interviewer’s outfit, timing, face-to-face, same qs to all, same order, predetermined)
If semistructured both fixed and variable questions
minor:
WHERE
WHO
other:
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE and SAMPLE SIZE
LIE (‘I never lie, I never swear’…) and FILLER QUESTIONS
DESCRIPTION OF HOW CLOSED/OPEN QUESTIONS QUESTIONS WILL BE INTERPRETED
ETHICAL ISSUES
quantitative data
numerical results about the quantity of a psychological measure such as pulse rate or a score on an intelligence test.
qualitative data
descriptive, in-depth results indicating the quality of a psychological characteristic, such as responses to open questions in self-reports or case studies and detailed observations.
debriefing
debriefing: giving participants a full explanation of the aims and potential consequences of the study at the end of a study so that they leave in at least as positive a condition as they arrived.
confidentiality
confidentiality: participants’ results and personal information should be kept safely and not released to anyone outside the study.
privacy
privacy: participants’ emotions and physical space should not be invaded, for example they should not be observed in situations or places where they would not expect to be seen.
right to withdraw
right to withdraw: a participant should know that they can remove themselves, and their data, from the study at any time.
deception
deception: participants should not be deliberately misinformed (lied to) about the aim or procedure of the study. If this is unavoidable, the study should be planned to minimise the risk of distress, and participants should be thoroughly debriefed.
protection
protection of participants: participants should not be exposed to any greater physical or psychological risk than they would expect in their day-to-day life.
Animal Ethics
Housing: Isolation and crowding can cause animals distress. Caging conditions should depend on the social behaviour of the species
Replacement: considering alternatives, such as videos from previous studies or computer simulations.
Species and strain: The chosen species and strain should be the one least likely to suffer pain or distress.
Reward, deprivation and aversive stimuli: The use of preferred food should be considered as an alternative to deprivation, the normal feeding or drinking patterns of the animals should be considered
Number of animals
Procedures: pain and distress
Anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia
reliability
the extent to which a procedure, task or measure is consistent, for example that it would produce the same results with the same people on each occasion.
validity
the extent to which the researcher is testing what they claim to be testing.
