main thang Flashcards
cogitive approach assumptions
similatiries and diff between people can be explained through terms of individual patterns of cognitions
behavour and emotions can be understood through cognitive processes such as thinking, memory, language, attention and attention
andrade sample
40 members of university of Plymouth, opportunity, paid for participating
andrade result
7.8 vs 7.1
29% better in doodling
baron cohen et al sample
- 15 AF/HFA males, volunteer mean age of 30
- adult comparison group, 122, selected from adult community groups and users of the Cambridge public library, 46.5 age
- student comparison, undergraduates at cambridge, equal males and females, assumed to have high levels of IQ and A level results
- IQ-matched, 116 IQ, 14 males
Baron Cohen results
significant negative correlation between AQ test and eye test, but no correlation between IQ test and eyes test
AS/HFA (Group 1) correctly identified significantly fewer target words than participants in the three comparison groups.
baron cohen - how many scenes?
36 scenes, 4 options each
laney sample
firstly 128 students at Uni of California who rechieved course credit
secondly 103 students at uni of washington who received course credit for their time
laney results
When asked a second time as part of the FHI if a participant loved asparagus the first time they tried it, participants in the
love condition response rose by 2.6 as opposed to the control whose rose just by 0.2
laney - slideshow
20 photos for 30 seconds each
biological approach assumptions
behaviourk, cognitions and emotions can be explained in terms of hormones and working of the brain
similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of the biological factors and their interaction with others
canli sample
10 right handed females
canli results
positive correlation between emotional intensity and arousal r+0,68 and negative correlation between valance and arousal -0,66
canli scenes numbers, for how many seconds and buttons
96 scenes, 48 new foils
presented for 2.88 sec and fixation cross for 12.96 sec
viewed a fixation cross,
four buttons to indicate emotional arousal on a scale from 0 (‘not emotionally intense at all’) to 3 (‘extremely emotionally intense’)
dement and kleitman sample
9 but only 5 studied intensively
7 male 2 female
dement and kleitman results
80% dreams were recalled when woken up in REM sompared to 7% when woken up from nREM
Horizontal eye movement: watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other, driving a car at an intersection a car sped from left to right, driving a car and looking ahead then a man appeared on the left
Vertical eye movement: climbing up a ladder and looking down, bouncing a ball and throwing into the basket
schather and singer sample
all male 185, college students taking introductory psychology, agreed to be part of a pool of participants, given 2 course credit points
schater and singer results
EPI MIS euphoria had the most intances of euphoria 22.56, EPI INF had the least 12.72
EPI IGN anger had the most angry instances of 2.28 vs EPI INF anger with -0.18
social approach assumptions
behaviour, cognitions and emotions can be influenced by other individuals, groups social contexts
miligram sample
Volunteer sample - A newspaper advertisement was used to recruit, 40 men, ages 20 - 50 years, New Haven (US), different backgrounds and occupations, unskilled workers, white collar workers (individuals who work in professional occupations) and professionals, promised $4.50 for taking part
miligram results
- 368V is the mean average shock administered by participants, All participants gave at least 300 V, and 65% gave the maximum 450 V shock
miligram interview after the pocedure
As part of the interview, participants were asked to estimate how painful they thought the final 450 V shock was, on a scale of 0–14 (‘not at all painful’ to ‘extremely painful’), Open-ended questions were asked, asked them how they were feeling
miligram observations
Observers reported increased signs of nervousness in participants as they gave more powerful electric shocks, The participants were also frequently observed to be sweating, shaking and groaning, 14 out of the 40 men showed signs of nervous laughter or smiling, ‘I don’t think this is very humane’; ‘I’m gonna chicken out…; After the procedures ended the participants showed visible signs of relief: wiped their faces, sighed, shook their heads.
piliavin sample
sample: passengers travelling on a subway between Harlem and the Bronx weekdays between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., ‘unsolicited’ sample, 4450 people (45% black and 55% white)
pilavin iv levels
Critical/early: model stood in critical area and waited 70 seconds to help victim
* Critical/late: model stood in critical area and waited 150 seconds to help victim
* Adjacent/early: model stood in adjacent area and waited 70 seconds to help victim
* Adjacent/late: model stood in adjacent area and waited 150 seconds to help victim
* No model condition: the model did not help the victim until after the trial was over and the train had reached the next stop.
piliavin results
nearly 80% of victims received spontaneous help (i.e. helped before model intervened or in a no-model condition), in around 60% of cases more than one person helped, in terms of the type of victim participants were more likely to help the victim with the cane than the drunk victim, In terms of race, both black and white cane victims were equally likely to receive help.
yamamoto sample
5 chimos Primate Research Kyoto ResearchInstitute
yamaoto results
the ‘can see’ condition, objects were offered in 91% of trials, mostly occurred following requests from the paired chimpanzee
others
learning approach assumptions
conditioning and social learning helps to explain changes in behaviour
pepperberg ethics and things he already knew
during the day, the parrot had free access to all areas of the laboratory and at night he was confined to a wire cage, he was fed a diet suitable for his species and given toys to play with, he could already name the colours red, green, yellow, blue and grey, several shapes and different kinds of material, He engaged in training sessions 2 to 4 times a week, each session lasting between 5 min and 1h, Model/Rival technique-based on social learning
pepperberg results
Familiar objects: 76.6% on all trials, which is very significant and well above 33.3% chance
Transfer test: 85% on all trials
Probes: Alex scored 90.2% on all trials, showing he was processing questions
pavlov example
Before conditioning: unconditioned stimulus (food) → unconditioned response (salivation)
Before conditioning: neutral stimulus (bell ringing) → no response
During conditioning: unconditioned stimulus (food) + neutral stimulus (bell ringing) → unconditioned response (salivation)
After conditioning: conditioned stimulus (bell ringing) → conditioned response (salivation).
saavedra aims
Aim 1: To determine the cause of a button phobia. (to examine the role of classical conditioning in relation to fear and avoidance of a particular stimulus.)
Aim 2: To successfully treat the button phobia using exposure-based cognitive-behavioural therapy. (In the context of a specific phobia, researchers wanted to see if using a type of exposure therapy could reduce the disgust and distress associated with buttons.)
saavedra aims
Aim 1: To determine the cause of a button phobia. (to examine the role of classical conditioning in relation to fear and avoidance of a particular stimulus.)
Aim 2: To successfully treat the button phobia using exposure-based cognitive-behavioural therapy. (In the context of a specific phobia, researchers wanted to see if using a type of exposure therapy could reduce the disgust and distress associated with buttons.)
data collected saavedra and silverman
Questions requiring ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers are asked about symptoms and the total number of ‘yes’ answers determines whether the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria are met.
Second, questions are asked about whether those symptoms cause clinically significant impairment
These questions are answered using a ‘feelings thermometer’, a 9-point scale (from 0 to 8) and ‘clinically significant’ is determined if the score is 4 or greater for each question.
cognitive reconstructing - saavedra and silverman
Cognitive restructuring aims to identify irrational or negative thoughts and replace them with more realistic or positive thoughts
saavedra results
before treatment, the imaginal exposure of ‘hundreds of buttons falling on your body’ was rated as 8 on the distress scale after the exposure it went as low as ‘3’
despite his behaviour towards the fearful stimuli improving, his feelings of disgust, fear and anxiety actually increased as a result of the positive reinforcement therapy.
At 6 month and 12 month follow-up sessions, the child-parent anxiety disorders interview schedule was re-administered and the boy reported minimal distress. He also no longer met the diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia of buttons. Further he was wearing school uniform with buttons on a daily basis
saavedra conclusion
The button phobia and experience of disgust was successfully treated using exposure-based, cognitive-behavioural therapy
bandura sample
72 children aged 3 to 6 years, (36 boys and 36 girls) from Stanford University nursery school.
bandura- The 4 stages of Social Learning Theory:
- Attention 2. Retention 3.ReproductioN 4. Motivation
bandura IV levels
72 children
24 in Agressive model
- female model 6boys and 6 girls
male model 6 boys and 6 girls
24 in non-agressive
- female model 6boys and 6 girls
male model 6 boys and 6 girls
24 control group no model
data coleected bandura
- the 20 min session was divided into 5s intervals, giving 240 response ‘units’
- observers data were compared (to assess inter-reliability) and showed correlations in the 0.9 range
Comments were made by the children when observing the models: ‘Who is that lady? That’s not the way for a lady to behave. Ladies are supposed to act like ladies . . .’‘You should have seen what that girl did in there. She was just acting like a man. I never saw a girl act like that before. ‘That man is a strong fighter, he punched and punched and he could hit Bobo right down to the floor and if Bobo got up he said, ‘Punch your nose.’
bandura results
Children exposed to aggressive models imitated their exact behaviours and were significantly more aggressive, both physically and verbally, than those children in the nonaggressive model or control groups. These children also imitated the model’s non-aggressive verbal responses.
This effect was greater for boys than girls although boys were more likely to imitate physical aggression and girls more likely to imitate verbal aggression (though not significantly so).
Boys were also more likely to imitate a same-sex model as, to a lesser extent, were girls.
the mean for imitative physical aggression for male subjects (25.8) is much higher than that for female subjects (7.2).
bandura conclusions
All four hypotheses were supported:
There were many more instances of aggression in the aggression group than in the non-aggression group and the control group
Boys showed more physical aggression when with a male model; girls show more verbal aggression when with a female model
Children in all groups, both male and female, showed aggressive gun play even though this had not been observed in the room 1 (‘exposure’) situation
