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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC > PAPER 1 - Social Influence > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of CONFORMITY ?

A

compliance, identification, internalisation

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2
Q

What is COMPLIANCE ?

A
  • weakest form
  • changing behaviour to be accepted
  • have these views publicly not privately
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3
Q

Give an example of compliance.

A

e.g. you say you like a band to your friends but don’t listen to them at home

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4
Q

What is IDENTIFICATION ?

A
  • intermediate level
  • temporary change in belief
  • you do it both publicly and privately to be accepted
  • is strong because it involves private change
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5
Q

Give an example of identification.

A

e.g. soldiers in the army may adopted certain behaviour but lose it when they return home

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6
Q

What is INTERNALISATION ?

A
  • deepest level
  • permanent change
  • take on new attitudes / beliefs
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7
Q

Give an example of internalisation.

A

e.g. sometimes people start going to church and their attitudes and beliefs change so they become Christians

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8
Q

What are the 3 variables that affect conformity ?

A
  • size
  • unanimity
  • difficulty
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9
Q

What is the AGENTIC STATE ?

A

putting the responsibility of our actions on someone else

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10
Q

What is the AUTONOMOUS STATE ?

A

when we take responsibility for our own actions

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11
Q

What are BINDING FACTORS ?

A

aspects of situation that allow a person to ignore the damaging effect of their behaviour

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12
Q

What is LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY ?

A

we are more likely to obey when we believe an authority is legitimate

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13
Q

What are the two explanations for obedience ?

A

agentic state and legitimate authority

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14
Q

What are the traits of someone with an authoritarian personality ?

A
  • hostile
  • fairly rigid in beliefs
  • conventional / traditional

(Adorno F-scale)

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of INTERNAL LoC ?

A
  • independent
  • active seekers of info
  • less likely to conform / obey
  • don’t rely on external opinions
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of EXTERNAL LoC ?

A
  • less independent
  • rely on others for info
  • more likely to conform / obey
  • rely on external opinions
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17
Q

Who studied conformity ? (1)

A

ASCH (1951)

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18
Q

How did ASCH study conformity ?

A

LINE STUDY

  • 123 US males
  • 3 lines
  • match with comparison line
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19
Q

What were the results of ASCH’S study ?

A

74% at least once
26% never
5% every time

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20
Q

What was the conclusion of ASCH’S study ?

A

COMPLIANCE = NORMATIVE influence

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21
Q

Who studied conformity ? (2)

A

SHERIF

22
Q

How did SHERIF study conformity ?

A

AUTO-KINETIC EFFECT

  • make estimates alone
  • make estimates in groups of 3
  • make estimates alone
23
Q

What were the results of SHERIF’S study ?

A 
ALONE = own stable estimates 
GROUP = estimates converged and became more alike 
ALONE = estimates were more like the group
24
Q

What was the conclusion of SHERIF’S study ?

A

INTERNALISATION = INFORMATIONAL influence

25
Q

Who studied conformity to social roles ?

A

ZIMBADO - Stanford Prison Experiment

26
Q

How did ZIMBADO study conformity to social roles ?

A
  • converted basement into prison
  • prisoners arrested in homes
  • no physical contact
  • £15 per day
27
Q

What were the results of ZIMBADO’S study ?

A
  • prisoners and guards took on roles quickly

- prisoners treated very poorly by guards

28
Q

What is OBEDIENCE ?

A
  • within HIERARCHY
  • emphasis on POWER
  • pp embrace obedience to explain behaviour
29
Q

What is CONFORMITY ?

A
  • between EQUAL STATUS
  • emphasis on ACCEPTANCE
  • pp deny conformity
30
Q

Who investigated obedience to an authority ?

A

MILGRAM (1963) - Electric shock

31
Q

How did MILGRAM study obedience to an authority ?

A
  • teacher / learner (always teacher)
  • read word pairs
  • read first word and match second
  • wrong = shock
32
Q

What were the results of MLGRAM’S study ?

A 
240 volts - 100%
300 volts - 87.5%
360 volts - 76.6%
420 volts - 65% 
450 volts - 63%
33
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of legitimate authority ?

A

APPLICATIONS

  • Kelman and Hamilton
  • My Lai Massacre
  • power hierarchy of US Army

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Tarnow (2000)
  • dependence on captain
  • second officer didn’t bring up odd behaviour
34
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of legitimate authority ?

A

OTHER EXPLANATIONS

  • gradual commitment
  • obey small requests leads to bigger ones
  • cannot assume legitimate authority is the only reason

JUSTIFY HARMING OTHERS
- no longer feel own moral values

35
Q

What is the STRENGTH of authoritarian personality ?

A

SUPPORT RESEARCH

  • Dambrun & Vatine
  • correlation between pps RWA score maximum voltage shock administered to the victim
  • highest score = most obedient
36
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of authoritarian personality ?

A

SOCIAL CONTEXT MORE IMPORTANT
- explains obedience better than disposition

EDUCATION MAY DETERMINE AUTHORITARIANISM AND OBEDIENCE

  • less educated are more obedient
  • lack of obedience may be responsible rather than authoritarianism

NOT ALL OBEDIENT P’s SHOWED ALL THE FEATURES OF AN AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
- not all obedient pps had difficult relationship with fathers

37
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of LoC ?

A

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Atgis
  • meta-analysis
  • avg. correlation between LoC and conformity = 0.37
  • genuinely is a higher rate of conformity within externals

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Oliner and Oliner
  • compared 406 who had rescued jews with 126 who didn’t
  • rescuers had higher internal
  • internal is a factor in resisting pressure to obey authority
38
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of LoC ?

A

CORRELATION METHOD
- don’t know cause and effect

LACK OF CONTROL

  • Oliner and Oliner
  • no cause and effect
39
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of social support ?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT
- Allen and Levine = similar study to Asch, dissenter allowed conformity to decrease

  • Gamson = did not obey when asked to give evidence - pps where in groups
40
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of reasons to conform ?

A

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Asch
  • normative social influence
  • 75% at least once
  • 5% every time

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Sherif
  • informational social influence

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

  • extraneous variables controlled
  • replicated = reliable
41
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of reasons to conform ?

A

SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY

  • alternate explanation
  • part of an ‘in-group’
  • more likely to conform from pressure within our group

LAB EXPERIMENT

  • lacks ecological validity
  • demand characteristics
42
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Zimbado’s study ?

A

CLEAR ROLES

  • randomly given
  • avoids researcher bias

INFORMED CONSENT

INTERNAL VALIDITY
- 90% of conversation was about prison life

43
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of Zimbado’s study ?

A

UNETHICALLY SOUND
- prisoners psychologically damaged

POPULATION VALIDITY
- only male students

VALIDITY

  • guard based role on film character
  • not all guards conformed
44
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Milgram’s study ?

A

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

  • high control
  • cause and effect
  • reliable

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Bickman
  • uniforms
  • provide coin for parking metre
45
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of Milgram’s study ?

A

LACK INTERNAL VALIDITY

  • Orne and Holland
  • extra manipulation = demand characteristics

ETHICAL ISSUES

  • deception
  • protection from psychological harm
46
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the agentic state ?

A

APPLICATIONS

  • nazi criminals
  • defended in court
  • just following orders

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Milgram
  • pp demonstrated moral strain
  • disobeyed no longer had strain emotions
  • in autonomous state
47
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the agentic state ?

A

OTHER EXPLANATIONS

  • French and Raven
  • 5 different types of power
  • Milgram’s conclusion may be inaccurate

DESCRIBES RATHER THAN EXPLAINS

  • does not say HOW agentic takes over
  • harder to carry out research to test theory
48
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of social support ?

A

SUPPORT MUST BE GIVEN EARLY

  • from the start conformity drops from 32% to 5.5%
  • later only drops to 8.5%

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

  • you don’t always copy the behaviour
  • people around you might litter but you may disagree with it
49
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of minority influence ?

A

METHODOLOGY

  • lab experiment
  • high control
  • cause and effect
  • internal validity

RESEARCH SUPPORT
- Wood et al = meta-analysis - minority are still persuasive when compared to ‘control’ conditions

APPLICATIONS

  • social change
  • votes for women
50
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of minority influence ?

A

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

  • not normally asked if slides are green or blue
  • consistent minority might not always be able to influence majority

OTHER THEORIES

  • people move to members if their ‘in-group’
  • we feel we share a membership

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC (11 decks)

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