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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC > PAPER 1 - Memory > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the capacity of STM ?

A

7 +/- 2 items

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2
Q

Who researched STM capacity ?

A

Jacobs Miller

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3
Q

What is the duration of STM ?

A

18 - 30 seconds

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4
Q

Who researched STM duration ?

A

Brown ; Peterson and Peterson

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5
Q

What is the capacity of LTM ?

A

unlimited

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6
Q

What is the duration of LTM ?

A

potential to last a lifetime

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7
Q

Who researched the duration of LTM ?

A

Bahrick et al

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8
Q

What is CAPACITY ?

A

the amount of information a memory store can hold

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9
Q

What is DURATION ?

A

the length of time the memory store holds the information

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10
Q

What is CODING ?

A

the way which the information is stored

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11
Q

What is SEMANTIC MEMORY ?

A

contains our knowledge of the world, including facts but in the broadest possible sense

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12
Q

What is EPISODIC MEMORY ?

A

refers to our ability to recall events, they are quite complex because they are ‘time-stamped’ and require a conscious effort to recall

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13
Q

What is PROCEDURAL MEMORY ?

A

memory of actions of skills but don`t require a conscious effort to perform.

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14
Q

What did Baddeley (1966) investigate ?

A

acoustic v semantic encoding

immediate recall of acoustically sim and dis-sim and semantically sim and dis-sim words

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15
Q

What were the results of Baddeley (1966) coding experiment

A
  • stm : words that sound similar are harder to recall but meaning had little effect
  • ltm : semantically similar are harder to recall
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16
Q

What is the order of the Multi-Store Model of Memory ?

A

input - sensory register - attention - stm store - rehearsal - ltm store

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17
Q

Who researched the MSM ?

A

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)

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18
Q

What did Glanzer and Cunitz do to research the MSMoM ?

A

presented participants with a list of words and asked them to immediately recall them.

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19
Q

What were the results of Glancer and Cunitz’s experiment ?

A
  • words at the beginning are recalled (primary effect)
  • words in the middle are forgotten (asymptote)
  • words at the end are recalled (recency effect)
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20
Q

What are the 4 components to the WMM ?

A
  • central executive
  • visuo-spactial sketchpad
  • phonological loop (articulatory contol system) (phonological store)
  • episodic buffer (added in 2000)
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21
Q

Who designed the WMM ?

A

baddeley and hitch

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22
Q

What is one strength, linked with different areas, about the WMM ?

A
  • different ares of the brain are activated depending on the task
  • Posner = PET scans, visual = posterior, auditory = lateral
  • support research
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23
Q

What is another strength, linking to support evidence, about the WMM ?

A
  • support evidence from duel task research
  • hitch and baddeley found performance decreased when participants had to do task that required the same slave systems.
  • we can multitask if they require the same slave system e.g. articulatory and phonological
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24
Q

What is a weakness, about ecological validity, about the WMM ?

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • research is lab based - lacks mundane realism
  • difficult to apply to everyday life
25
What is another weakness, to do with the central executive, about the WMM ?
- the functioning of the central executive is vague - little is known about it - suggests theory is over-simplistic
26
Define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
previous learning interferes with current learning
27
Define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
recent learning interferes with the recall of past learning
28
WHO STUDIED ? | Retroactive transfer
UNDERWOOD & POSTMAN (1960) | forgetting
29
WHO STUDIED ? The effect the environment has on recall (scuba-divers one)
GODDEN & BADDELEY (1975) | forgetting
30
WHO STUDIED ? Evidence for state-dependent forgetting (alcohol one)
GOODWIN ET AL. (1969) | forgetting
31
WHO STUDIED ? | Drugged rats
OVERTON (1962) | forgetting
32
WHO STUDIED ? The Weapon Focus Phenomenon - the effect anxiety has on memory recall
LOFTUS (1979) | anxiety
33
WHO STUDIED ? Real life event - Canada shooting
YUILLE AND CUTSHALL (1986) | anxiety
34
WHO STUDIED ? Influence of leading questions & misleading questions (car crash one)
LOFTUS AND PALMER (1974)
35
WHO STUDIED ? | Post-event discussion
GABBERT ET AL. (2003)
36
What are the 4 parts to the Cognitive Interview
- context reinstatement - report everything - recall in reverse order - recall from changed perspective
37
WHO STUDIED ? | Comparing CI to standard interviews
GEISELMAN (1985)
38
What are the STRENGTHS of the study of STM duration ? | - Brown; Peterson Peterson
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS HIGH CONTROL - lab study - variables controlled - reliable / valid ADDS SUPPORT - MSM
39
What is the WEAKNESS of the study of STM duration ? | - Brown; Peterson & Peterson
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - not realistic - hard to generalise
40
What are the STRENGTHS of the study of LTM duration ? | - Bahrick et al
MUNDANE REALISM - we recall names in every day life - generalisable HIGH CONTROL - lab study - reliable / valid ADDS SUPPORT - MSM
41
What is the WEAKNESS of the study of coding ? | - Baddeley
may not have been testing LTM as he only asked the pps to recall after 20 mins
42
What is the STRENGTH of the research for MSM ? | - Glanzer & Cunitz
INDICATES DIFFERENCE - stm and ltm - emperical support = more credible
43
What is the WEAKNESS of the research for MSM ? | - Glanzer & Cunitz
TOO SIMPLISTIC - there may be stores within stm and ltm - WMM
44
What are the STRENGTHS of the WMM ? | - Baddeley & Hitch
SUPPORT RESEARCH - different area active for different tasks - Posner PET SUPPORT RESEARCH - baddeley and hitch - two tasks within same SLAVE SYSTEM then the performance of one would be affected
45
What are the WEAKNESSES of the WMM ? | - Baddeley & Hitch
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - lab based - hard to generalise VAGUE - functioning of central executive - over-simplistic
46
What is the STRENGTH of the study of retroactive transfer ? | - Underwood & Postman
HIGH CONTROL - lab study - reliable / valid
47
What is the WEAKNESS of the study of retroactive transfer ? | - Underwood & Postman
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY | - hard to generalise
48
What are the STRENGTHS of state-dependent forgetting ? | - Goodwin et al
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - done in real world HIGH CONTROL - highly controlled (measured levels of alcohol) - reliable / valid
49
What are the WEAKNESSES of state-dependent forgetting ? | - Goodwin et al
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS - pps may have guessed the outcome and behaved in certain way ETHICS - didn't consent but. .. - weren't put in danger
50
What are the STRENGTHS of the weapon focus phenomenon ? | - Loftus
RESEARCH EVIDENCE - loftus & burns - pps watched violent or non-violent film - those who watched violent were LESS ACCURATE METHODOLOGY - lab studies - control - reliable / valid
51
What are the WEAKNESSES of the weapon focus phenomenon ? | - Loftus
ETHICS - pps were deceived - may have been upset from bloodstained knife NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - pps knew it was an experiment - supported by Yuille and Cutshall who did a real-life study and found different results
52
What are the STRENGTHS of real-life event anxiety ? | - Yuille & Cutshall
RESEARCH SUPPORT - christianson & hubinette - victims had better recall than onlookers ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - reliable
53
What are the WEAKNESSES of real-life event anxiety ? | - Yuille & Cutshall
METHODOLOGY - natural experiment - little control - difficult to determine cause and effect GENERALISING - Canada - could be specific to Canadians
54
What are the STRENGTHS of the cognitive interview ? | - Geiselman
SUPPORT RESEARCH - Fisher - trained detectives in Florida - 47% more info collected SUPPORT RESEARCH - Stein & Memon - Brazil - current method used torture - CI increased amount of info gained
55
What are the WEAKNESSES of the cognitive interview ? | - Geiselman
didn't help with identifying a suspect - limited use children under the age of 6 report events less accurately - can't be used for every one
56
What is MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL ?
REPETITION to help us hold information in STM, eventually it will be transferred to LTM
57
What is ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL ?
involves a more MEANINGFUL ANALYSIS of information and leads to BETTER RECALL.
58
What is the WEAKNESSES of context dependent forgetting ? | - Godden and Baddeley
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY CONTROL OF VARIABLES DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC (11 decks)

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