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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC > PAPER 1 - Memory > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the capacity of STM ?

A

7 +/- 2 items

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2
Q

Who researched STM capacity ?

A

Jacobs Miller

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3
Q

What is the duration of STM ?

A

18 - 30 seconds

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4
Q

Who researched STM duration ?

A

Brown ; Peterson and Peterson

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5
Q

What is the capacity of LTM ?

A

unlimited

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6
Q

What is the duration of LTM ?

A

potential to last a lifetime

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7
Q

Who researched the duration of LTM ?

A

Bahrick et al

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8
Q

What is CAPACITY ?

A

the amount of information a memory store can hold

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9
Q

What is DURATION ?

A

the length of time the memory store holds the information

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10
Q

What is CODING ?

A

the way which the information is stored

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11
Q

What is SEMANTIC MEMORY ?

A

contains our knowledge of the world, including facts but in the broadest possible sense

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12
Q

What is EPISODIC MEMORY ?

A

refers to our ability to recall events, they are quite complex because they are ‘time-stamped’ and require a conscious effort to recall

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13
Q

What is PROCEDURAL MEMORY ?

A

memory of actions of skills but don`t require a conscious effort to perform.

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14
Q

What did Baddeley (1966) investigate ?

A

acoustic v semantic encoding

immediate recall of acoustically sim and dis-sim and semantically sim and dis-sim words

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15
Q

What were the results of Baddeley (1966) coding experiment

A
  • stm : words that sound similar are harder to recall but meaning had little effect
  • ltm : semantically similar are harder to recall
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16
Q

What is the order of the Multi-Store Model of Memory ?

A

input - sensory register - attention - stm store - rehearsal - ltm store

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17
Q

Who researched the MSM ?

A

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)

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18
Q

What did Glanzer and Cunitz do to research the MSMoM ?

A

presented participants with a list of words and asked them to immediately recall them.

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19
Q

What were the results of Glancer and Cunitz’s experiment ?

A
  • words at the beginning are recalled (primary effect)
  • words in the middle are forgotten (asymptote)
  • words at the end are recalled (recency effect)
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20
Q

What are the 4 components to the WMM ?

A
  • central executive
  • visuo-spactial sketchpad
  • phonological loop (articulatory contol system) (phonological store)
  • episodic buffer (added in 2000)
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21
Q

Who designed the WMM ?

A

baddeley and hitch

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22
Q

What is one strength, linked with different areas, about the WMM ?

A
  • different ares of the brain are activated depending on the task
  • Posner = PET scans, visual = posterior, auditory = lateral
  • support research
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23
Q

What is another strength, linking to support evidence, about the WMM ?

A
  • support evidence from duel task research
  • hitch and baddeley found performance decreased when participants had to do task that required the same slave systems.
  • we can multitask if they require the same slave system e.g. articulatory and phonological
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24
Q

What is a weakness, about ecological validity, about the WMM ?

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • research is lab based - lacks mundane realism
  • difficult to apply to everyday life
25
Q

What is another weakness, to do with the central executive, about the WMM ?

A
  • the functioning of the central executive is vague
  • little is known about it
  • suggests theory is over-simplistic
26
Q

Define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

A

previous learning interferes with current learning

27
Q

Define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

A

recent learning interferes with the recall of past learning

28
Q

WHO STUDIED ?

Retroactive transfer

A

UNDERWOOD & POSTMAN (1960)

forgetting

29
Q

WHO STUDIED ?
The effect the environment has on recall
(scuba-divers one)

A

GODDEN & BADDELEY (1975)

forgetting

30
Q

WHO STUDIED ?
Evidence for state-dependent forgetting
(alcohol one)

A

GOODWIN ET AL. (1969)

forgetting

31
Q

WHO STUDIED ?

Drugged rats

A

OVERTON (1962)

forgetting

32
Q

WHO STUDIED ?
The Weapon Focus Phenomenon
- the effect anxiety has on memory recall

A

LOFTUS (1979)

anxiety

33
Q

WHO STUDIED ?
Real life event
- Canada shooting

A

YUILLE AND CUTSHALL (1986)

anxiety

34
Q

WHO STUDIED ?
Influence of leading questions & misleading questions
(car crash one)

A

LOFTUS AND PALMER (1974)

35
Q

WHO STUDIED ?

Post-event discussion

A

GABBERT ET AL. (2003)

36
Q

What are the 4 parts to the Cognitive Interview

A
  • context reinstatement
  • report everything
  • recall in reverse order
  • recall from changed perspective
37
Q

WHO STUDIED ?

Comparing CI to standard interviews

A

GEISELMAN (1985)

38
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the study of STM duration ?

- Brown; Peterson Peterson

A

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

HIGH CONTROL

  • lab study
  • variables controlled
  • reliable / valid

ADDS SUPPORT
- MSM

39
Q

What is the WEAKNESS of the study of STM duration ?

- Brown; Peterson & Peterson

A

NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

  • not realistic
  • hard to generalise
40
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the study of LTM duration ?

- Bahrick et al

A

MUNDANE REALISM

  • we recall names in every day life
  • generalisable

HIGH CONTROL

  • lab study
  • reliable / valid

ADDS SUPPORT
- MSM

41
Q

What is the WEAKNESS of the study of coding ?

- Baddeley

A

may not have been testing LTM as he only asked the pps to recall after 20 mins

42
Q

What is the STRENGTH of the research for MSM ?

- Glanzer & Cunitz

A

INDICATES DIFFERENCE

  • stm and ltm
  • emperical support = more credible
43
Q

What is the WEAKNESS of the research for MSM ?

- Glanzer & Cunitz

A

TOO SIMPLISTIC

  • there may be stores within stm and ltm
  • WMM
44
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the WMM ?

- Baddeley & Hitch

A

SUPPORT RESEARCH

  • different area active for different tasks
  • Posner PET

SUPPORT RESEARCH

  • baddeley and hitch
  • two tasks within same SLAVE SYSTEM then the performance of one would be affected
45
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the WMM ?

- Baddeley & Hitch

A

NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

  • lab based
  • hard to generalise

VAGUE

  • functioning of central executive
  • over-simplistic
46
Q

What is the STRENGTH of the study of retroactive transfer ?

- Underwood & Postman

A

HIGH CONTROL

  • lab study
  • reliable / valid
47
Q

What is the WEAKNESS of the study of retroactive transfer ?

- Underwood & Postman

A

NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

- hard to generalise

48
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of state-dependent forgetting ?

- Goodwin et al

A

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- done in real world

HIGH CONTROL

  • highly controlled (measured levels of alcohol)
  • reliable / valid
49
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of state-dependent forgetting ?

- Goodwin et al

A

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
- pps may have guessed the outcome and behaved in certain way

ETHICS

  • didn’t consent
    but. ..
  • weren’t put in danger
50
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the weapon focus phenomenon ?

- Loftus

A

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • loftus & burns
  • pps watched violent or non-violent film
  • those who watched violent were LESS ACCURATE

METHODOLOGY

  • lab studies
  • control
  • reliable / valid
51
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the weapon focus phenomenon ?

- Loftus

A

ETHICS

  • pps were deceived
  • may have been upset from bloodstained knife

NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

  • pps knew it was an experiment
  • supported by Yuille and Cutshall who did a real-life study and found different results
52
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of real-life event anxiety ?

- Yuille & Cutshall

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT

  • christianson & hubinette
  • victims had better recall than onlookers

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- reliable

53
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of real-life event anxiety ?

- Yuille & Cutshall

A

METHODOLOGY

  • natural experiment
  • little control
  • difficult to determine cause and effect

GENERALISING

  • Canada
  • could be specific to Canadians
54
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the cognitive interview ?

- Geiselman

A

SUPPORT RESEARCH

  • Fisher
  • trained detectives in Florida
  • 47% more info collected

SUPPORT RESEARCH

  • Stein & Memon
  • Brazil
  • current method used torture
  • CI increased amount of info gained
55
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the cognitive interview ?

- Geiselman

A

didn’t help with identifying a suspect
- limited use

children under the age of 6 report events less accurately
- can’t be used for every one

56
Q

What is MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL ?

A

REPETITION to help us hold information in STM, eventually it will be transferred to LTM

57
Q

What is ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL ?

A

involves a more MEANINGFUL ANALYSIS of information and leads to BETTER RECALL.

58
Q

What is the WEAKNESSES of context dependent forgetting ?

- Godden and Baddeley

A

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

CONTROL OF VARIABLES

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC (11 decks)

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