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A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC > PAPER 1 - Psychopathology > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five characteristics of FFA ?

A 
observer discomfort 
unpredictability 
irrationality 
maladaptiveness 
personal suffering and distress
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2
Q

What are the six characteristics of ideal mental health ?

APEARS

A

AUTONOMY - being independent
POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONESELF
ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY - adapting to situations
ACCURATE PERCEPTION OF REALITY
RESISTING STRESS - having coping strategies
SELF-ACTUALISATION - personal growth

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3
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of PHOBIAS ?

PEA

A
  • panic
  • endurance
  • avoidance
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4
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of PHOBIAS ?

A

A
  • anxiety
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5
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of PHOBIAS ?

CIS

A
  • cognitive distortions
  • irrational beliefs
  • selective attention
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6
Q

What are the key points about the BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH for PHOBIAS ?

A
  • phobias are learnt
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
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7
Q

What is CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ?

A
  • associating something we don’t have a fear of (NS) with something we already have a fear of (UD)
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8
Q

What is OPERANT CONDITIONING ?

A
  • how phobias are maintained

- consequences lead to reinforcement

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9
Q

What are 2 STRENGTHS of the behavioural approach of phobias ?

A
  • RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Watson and rayner - baby Albert - loud noise + rats
  • RESEARCH EVIDENCE - DiNardo et al - relate fears to a particular frightening experience
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10
Q

What are 2 WEAKNESSES of the behavioural approach of phobias ?

A
  • EVOLUTIONARY FACTORS - scared of things that were threats to ancestors - suggests there is more to phobias than conditioning
  • SIMPLISTIC EXPLANATION - ignores cognitive factors - phobias are complex
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11
Q

What is SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION ?

A
  • treatment for phobias

- phobias being ‘unlearnt’

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12
Q

What are the three stages to SD ?

A
  • ANXIETY HIERARCHY - most feared to least fear situation
  • RELAXATION - taught by a therapist - deep breathing
  • EXPOSURE - vivo or vitro
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13
Q

What are two STRENGTHS of SD ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:
- research shows SD group were less fearful

APPROPRIATENESS:
- individuals are taking an active role - suits wide range of people

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14
Q

What are two WEAKNESSES of SD ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:
- anxiety is still present - may move to another phobia - - not a long term solution

APPROPRIATENESS:
- not suitable for all phobias - e.g. fear of the dark

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15
Q

What is FLOODING ?

A
  • similar to SD
  • done in one long sessions
  • reciprocal inhibition
  • continues until patient is relaxed
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16
Q

What are two STRENGTHS of FLOODING ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:

  • works on wide range of phobias
  • has long lasting effects

APPROPRIATENESS;

  • quick
  • only takes one session
  • cost effective
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17
Q

What are two WEAKNESSES of FLOODING ?

A

EFFECTIVENESS:

  • only likely to work for specific phobias
  • social phobias are harder to ‘flood’

APPROPRIATENESS:

  • can be traumatic
  • you have wasted time and money
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18
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of DEPRESSION ?

SAA

A
  • sleep and eating behaviour
  • aggression and self harm
  • activity level
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19
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of DEPRESSION ?

LLA

A
  • lowered self-esteem
  • lowered mood
  • anger
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20
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of DEPRESSION ?

PAA

A
  • poor concentration
  • absolutist thinking
  • attending to and dwelling on the negative
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21
Q

What are the key points surrounding the cognitive approach of DEPRESSION ?

A
  • our thoughts influence our emotions which influence our behaviour
22
Q

How do NEGATIVE SCHEMAS affect depression ?

A
  • dominate thinking
  • developed in childhood through bad experience
  • provide negative framework
23
Q

What is the NEGATIVE TRIAD (Beck) ?

VSVWVF

A
  • view of self
  • view of the world
  • view of the future
24
Q

What are the 5 COGNITIVE ERRORS ?

CAOSG

A
  • catastrophizing
  • all or nothing
  • over generalisation
  • selective abstraction
  • global judgement
25
What are the may points surrounding Ellis's ABC MODEL ?
- blame external events for unhappiness | - irrational thinking prevents happiness
26
What are the three parts to the ABC MODEL ?
ACTIVATING EVENT - an everyday obstacle BELIEFS - your belief about the situation CONSEQUENCES - emotional response to the belief - often unhealthy
27
What is MUSTABATORY THINKING ?
- I must be approved by people i find important - I must do very well or I am worthless - the world must give me happiness or I will die
28
What are two STRENGTHS of the cognitive approach to depression ?
- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS - cbt is effective - suggests that cognitions are involved in the development of depression - RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Lloyd and Lishman - supports idea that depressed people have automatic negative thinking
29
What is a WEAKNESS of the cognitive approach to depression ?
- patient is seen as RESPONSIBLE - we have control over our thoughts - over looks social factors
30
What is CBT ?
- challenge irrational thoughts - identifying irrational thoughts - behavioural element
31
What is the behavioural element of CBT ?
- alter dysfunctional behaviours | - encourage patients to identify activities they used to enjoy doing
32
What is REBT ?
- change irrational beliefs through challenging them
33
What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD ? | PIE
- prevent social relationships - interfere with normal daily behaviour - everyday tasks are hindered
34
What are the emotional characteristics of OCD ? | AT
- anxiety is emotionally distressing | - temporary relief
35
What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD ? | CU
- constant obsessive thoughts | - uncontrollable
36
What is the biological approach to OCD ?
- our thoughts are a result of psychological internal process
37
What are the genetic explanations of OCD ?
- onset of OCD is a result of our genetic make-up that we are born with
38
What is the COMP gene ?
- production of the neurotransmitter dopamine | - one form is more common in OCD patients
39
What is the SERT gene ?
- affects transmission of serotonin | - OCD have 2 copies of 5-HTT
40
What did MIGUEL ET AL find in his twin studies ?
- we would expect a higher concordance rate in MZ twins in DZ twins (if there was a genetic component to OCD) - 53-87% chance of MZ twins developing OCD if one already had it - 22-47% chance of DZ twins developing OCD if one already had it - suggests there is a genetic component
41
What impact does NEUROTRANSMITTERS have on OCD ?
- genetic make-up affects the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain - two key neurotransmitters involved with OCD = serotonin and dopamine
42
How does SEROTONIN affect OCD ?
- OCD patients have low serotonin | - associated with the anxiety
43
How does DOPAMINE affect OCD ?
- linked with experiencing motivation / reward / compulsions - pleasurable experience = dopamine increase - doing compulsion = dopamine release
44
Which area of the brain is linked with OCD ?
``` orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) - sends signals to the thalamus about things that are worrying ``` basal ganglia - should stop minor worrying signals
45
What are the STRENGTHS for the biological approach of OCD ?
RESEARCH EVIDENCE - twin studies PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS - neural explanations = low levels of serotonin = SSRIs - genetic explanations = can scan babies deemed at risk
46
What are the WEAKNESSES for the biological approach of OCD ?
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND OCD IS NOT 100% CLEAR - genetic = not 100% concordance rate - cannot rule out environmental factors - neural - not basal ganglia damage in all OCD patients CORRELATIONAL - levels of neural transmitters change due to OCD rather than causing OCD REDUCTIONIST - doesn't consider two process model (classical / operant conditioning
47
What is the most common SSRI
fluoxetine - increases levels of serotonin in the synapse
48
How do SSRIs work ?
- SSRI stops the re-uptake of serotnin meaning it stays in the synapse gap longer - leads to repeated stimulation of the receptors on the post synaptic clef
49
What are the STRENGTHS of the biological approach for treating OCD ?
RESEARCH - symptoms decreased by 70% for SSRI takers QUICK AND EASY - requires little physical time or cognitive effort - more desirable that psychological therapy
50
What are the WEAKNESSES of the biological approach for treating OCD ?
NOT LONG TERM METHOD - symptoms come back when drugs aren't being used - 45% relapsed within 12 weeks - only treat the symptoms not the cause SIDE EFFECTS - SSRI = blurred vision, indigestion - dopamine = weight gain, tremors - people stop taking them

A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) WHOLE SPEC (11 decks)

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