Paper 1 Section C - Physical Landsapes in the UK Flashcards
Abrasion
A form of erosion where loose material and sediment ‘sandpapers’ the walls and floors
of the river, cliff or glacier.
Attrition
Rocks bang against each other chipping away to make smaller, smoother rocks.
Backshore
The upper beach closest to the land, including any cliffs or sand dunes.
Beach Nourishment
The addition of sand and sediment to an eroding beach by humans. The
new material will be eroded by the sea which saves the cliffs or sand dunes from erosion and
recession.
Biological Weathering
Rocks are broken apart by vegetation and roots, or chemical reactions
from animal faeces erodes the rock face.
Corrasion
A form of mechanical erosion where material and sediment in the sea is flung at the
cliff-face as waves break against it, this breaks up the rocks making up the cliff.
Chemical Weathering
Where the weak acid in rainwater dissolves chemical compounds in the rock.
Drainage Basin
The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
Dredging
Rubbish and sediment are dug up from the bottom of the river.
Embankments
The banks of the river are built up in brick and concrete, to increase the channel capacity.
Estuary
The point at where the river meets an ocean, often muddy or silty. Sometimes estuaries
become exposed at low tide or hazardous to traverse in a boat due to sandbanks.
Fetch
The length of water over which the wind has travelled.
Floodplain
The low lying and wide floor of a river valley. Floodplains are found in the lower
course and tend to act as overspill for the river when its channel is full.
Floodplain Zoning
Controlling where houses and buildings are built relative to the river to reduce
their risk of flooding.
Freeze Thaw
A form of physical sub-aerial weathering where water freezes in the cracks of a
rock, expands and enlarges the crack. This weakens the rock overtime leaving it more open to
erosion.
Geology
The physical structure and arrangement of a rock.
Groyne
A form of hard-engineering. Low-lying concrete or wooden walls, constructed
perpendicular to the seafront and run out to sea. They encourage the trapping of sediment to
reduce erosion caused by longshore drift or by winds.
Hard Management
The use of concrete structures to reduce or halt the recession of a coastline.
Includes: Groynes, Sea Walls, Rock Armour.
Highlands
An area of land that is at a high elevation and tends to have a larger relief.
Hydraulic Action
The pressure of compressed air forced into cracks in a rock face will cause the
rock to weaken and break apart.
Impermeable
A rock that does not allow water to pass through it.
Levee
The banks of the river.
Longshore Drift
The transportation of sediment along a beach. Longshore Drift is determined by
the direction of the prevailing wind.
Lowlands
An area of land that has a small relief, so tends to be flat and at a low elevation.
Mass Movement
Where there is a large downhill movement of material usually from a cliff-face.
Here, the rock is often weak due to erosion and the movement is caused by gravity.
Mechanical Weathering
Sometimes called physical weathering, this is the breakdown of rocks
due to forces, not chemical reactions.
Permeable
A rock that allows water to pass through it.
Relief
The difference in the height of land for a particular region. A large relief means a region
has a large difference between the lowest and highest points.
Rock Armour
Large rocks or concrete blocks, used as barricades to reduce marine erosion at
the base of cliffs.
Saltation
A form of transportation where smaller sediment bounces along the sea bed pushed by
currents. This sediment is too heavy to be picked up by the flow of the water.
Salt Marsh
In sheltered bays or behind spits, salt and minerals will build up. Vegetation may
establish, further stabilising the marsh.
Sand Dune
A depositional landform, where sand and sediment build up around driftwood and
accumulate over time.
Sea Wall
A hard-management coastal defense, where a concrete wall is built parallel to the
seafront, to redirect the energy of waves away from sensitive cliffs or the edge of a coastal town.
Soft Management
The use of natural materials and environmentally sustainable approaches to
reduce coastal recession. Includes: Beach Nourishment, Managed Retreat, Sand Dune
Encouragement.
Solution
Acidic water dissolves chemicals from a rock face into the water. These chemicals can
then be transported as chemical compounds in the water.
Storm Hydrograph
A graph to show the variation of river discharge over a short period of time
(days).
Suspension
Small rocks that are light enough to float are carried in the water, rather than along
the bed.
Spit
A long depositional landform, formed from sand and shingle.
Thalweg
The path of fastest water flow in a river.
Traction
Large rocks and boulders are rolled along the bed of the river or sea.
