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GCSE Chemistry > Paper 1: Section 5 - Separate chemistry 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1: Section 5 - Separate chemistry 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a transition metal?

A

A metal located in between group 2 and 3 and has brightly coloured compounds.

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2
Q

Most metals are _______ metals. They include iron and other metals used in construction, like ____. The transition metals are placed in the ______ part of the periodic table.

A
  1. transition
  2. gold
  3. central
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3
Q

What are the typical properties of most transition metals?

A

. High melting points
. High densities
. Form coloured compounds
. They (and their compounds) can act as catalysts

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4
Q

Give an example of a transition metal that has the typical properties of a transition metal:

A

Iron:
. Melting point= 1538°C
. Density= 7.87 g/cm3
. Coloured compounds:
Fe(OH)2 Pale green
Fe(OH)3 Orange-brown
Fe2O3 Red-brown
. Acts as a catalyst for: The Haber process

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5
Q

What is corrosion?

A

When a metal is slowly damaged or destroyed by a chemical process.

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6
Q

What is the corrosion of a metal cause by?

A

Redox reactions

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7
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

The metal loses electrons, so its oxidised. When oxygen reacts with the metal, it gains electrons.

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8
Q

What is the process of rusting?

A

The process in which iron or steel is corroded.

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9
Q

When does rusting occur?

A

When iron or steel is in contact with both oxygen and water.

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10
Q

Is iron oxidised or reduced when it forms rust? Why?

A

Iron is oxidised because it gains oxygen during rusting.

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11
Q

What storing methods can be used to prevent rusting?

A

. Storing the metal in an atmosphere of unreactive nitrogen or argon will exclude oxygen.
. Storing the metal with a desiccant such as calcium chloride can exclude water.

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12
Q

What physical barriers can be used to prevent rusting?

A

. painting
. oiling and greasing
. coating with plastic

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13
Q

Electroplating: Using _________ to deposit a thin layer of _____ onto another metal, usually to improve its appearance or _______ resistance.

A
  1. electrolysis
  2. metal
  3. corrosion
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14
Q

Sacrificial protection: Iron can be protected from rusting if it is in contact with a more _______ metal. The more reactive metal oxidises more ______ than iron, so it ‘sacrifices’ itself while the iron does not ____. Once the sacrificial metal has ________ away, it can simply be replaced.

A
  1. reactive
  2. readily
  3. rust
  4. corroded
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15
Q

Galvanising: This is the proccess where iron is coated in ____. The layer stops oxygen and _____ reaching the iron. Zinc is ____ reactive than iron, so it also acts as a __________ metal.

A
  1. zinc
  2. water
  3. more
  4. sacrificial
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16
Q

What is an alloy?

A

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.

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17
Q

Solid metals have a regular ______ structure. When a _____ is applied to a metal, layers of atoms can ____ past each other. The more difficult it is for the layers to move, the more ____ is needed and the ______ the metal.

A
  1. lattice
  2. force
  3. move
  4. force
  5. stronger
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18
Q

Why is iron alloyed with other metals to produce alloy steels?

A

Alloy steels are produced by mixing iron with one or more other metals because each one is useful for different things.

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19
Q

What are the different properties of alloy steels, depending on their composition?

A

Mild steel- Is malleable and ductile
Tool steel- Is hard and resistant to high temperatures
Stainless steel- Hard and resistant to rusting

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20
Q

Gold is a very soft and _______ metal. It is also very unreactive, so it resists _______ and stays shiny.
The visors on space _______ are coated with a layer of gold as it’s thin enough for the astronaut to see through but thick enough to ______ sunlight.
The gold used for jewellery is gold _______ with other metals, often silver, copper and zinc. This makes the jewellery much stronger while keeping its ability to stay ______.

A
  1. malleable
  2. corrosion
  3. helmets
  4. reflect
  5. alloyed
  6. shiny
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21
Q

Bronze is an alloy of ______ and tin. Nowadays, bronze is used to make _______, bells and coins seeing as its highly ductile, exhibits ___ friction and upon exposure to air, bronze ______ on its outer layer (protecting the interior from further corrosion).
Brass is an alloy of copper and ____, and is used to make musical instruments, ____ ______, locks and ____.

A
  1. copper
  2. statues
  3. low
  4. oxidizes
  5. zinc
  6. door knobs
  7. taps
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22
Q

Aluminium is relatively lightweight as it has a low _______. Its surface is protected by a layer of aluminium ______, allowing the metal to resist corrosion. Aluminium foil is used in the home for wrapping and storing food because it does not ______ to substances in food, like _____. It is _________, so it is easily folded into shape around the food.

A
  1. density
  2. oxide
  3. react
  4. water
  5. malleable
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23
Q

What is magnalium?

A

Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium. It is stronger than aluminium alone but still has a low density. It is used to make aircraft parts.

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24
Q

How do you calculate the concentration (in mol/dm3) of a solution?

A

Concentration mol/dm3= amount of solute in moles/ volume of solution in dm3

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25
Q

How do you convert volume from cm3 to dm3?

A

Divide by 1000 to convert from cm3 to dm3.

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26
Q

How do you convert concentration in dm3 into mol g dm3?

A

To convert from mol/dm3 to g/dm3, multiply by the relative formula mass.

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27
Q

Titrations are a procedure in which two solutions react in a known ____. If the ___________ of one solution is known (as well as both the _______ are measured), the concentration of the other solution can be __________.

A
  1. ratio
  2. concentration
  3. volumes
  4. determined
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28
Q

How do you calculate the concentration of unknown solution?

A

Concentration of unknown solution = (volume of known solution ÷ volume of unknown solution) × concentration of known solution

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29
Q

What is the definition of the theoretical yield? How is it calculated?

A

The maximum possible mass of a product that a chemical reaction can make. It is calculated using molar ratios.

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30
Q

What is the definition of the actual yield?

A

The mass of a product that a chemical reaction makes in real life. It is usually less than the theoretical yield, for a number of reasons.

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31
Q

Why is the actual yield of a reaction usually less than the theoretical yield?

A

. Some product may be lost when the products are removed from the reaction mixture
. There might be side reactions – unwanted reactions that compete with the desired one
. The reactions may be incomplete

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32
Q

How do you calculate the percentage yield of a reaction from the actual
yield and the theoretical yield?

A

Percentage yield= actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100

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33
Q

How do you calculate the theoretical yield?

A

Moles= mass (g)/ Mr

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34
Q

What is the definition of the actual yield?

A

The mass of a product that a chemical reaction makes in real life.

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35
Q

The atom economy of a reaction is a measure of how many ________ atoms form a desired product. It is important for _________ development and for economic reasons to use reactions with ____ atom economy.

A
  1. reactant
  2. sustainable
  3. high
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36
Q

What is the atom economy of a reaction a measure of?

A

A measure of how many reactant atoms form a desired product.

37
Q

How is the percentage atom economy of a reaction calculated?

A

Atom economy= Total Mr of the desired products/ total Mr of all reactants x 100

38
Q

What does the atom economy of a reaction tell you?

A

What percentage of the mass of the reactants has been converted into your desired product when manufacturing a chemical.

39
Q

The ______ the atom economy the ‘_______’ the process.

A
  1. higher
  2. greener
40
Q

Why are reactions with low atom economies usually unsustainable?

A

They use up resources quickly and create alot of waste materials that have to be disposed of.

41
Q

Low atom economy reactions are not usually profitable since ___ materials are expensive and waste products are expensive to ______ and dispose of responsibly.

A
  1. raw
  2. remove
42
Q

What is one solution to the problem of disposing waste products?

A

Find a use for them: come up with a reaction that gives useful ‘by-products’ rather than unuseful ones.

43
Q

What is one solution to the problem of disposing waste products?

A

Find a use for them: come up with a reaction that gives useful ‘by-products’ rather than unuseful ones.

44
Q

What are three other factors the pathway chosen for the product depend on?

A
  1. rate of reaction
  2. equilibrium position
  3. usefulness of by-products
45
Q

What is a reaction pathway?

A

The sequence of reactions needed to produce a desired product from a particular set of raw materials.

46
Q

What is a by-product?

A

Something that is produced as a waste product.

47
Q

What can the sustainability of a process is ensured by?

A

‘Green chemistry’

48
Q

What 6 factors affect the sustainability of a process?

A
  1. If raw materials are renewable or not
  2. the impact on other competing uses for the raw materials
  3. the type and amount of by-products
  4. Waste
  5. Energy inputs and outputs
  6. Equilibrium position
49
Q

Name a useful example for choosing reaction pathways.

A

The manufacture of ethanol, used as a fuel.

50
Q

In what 2 ways is ethanol manufacturered?

A
  1. Fermentation of plant sugars
  2. Hydration of ethene, obtained from crude oil, using steam:
51
Q

What is the word equation for the fermentationof plant sugars?

A

glucose — ethanol + carbon dioxide

52
Q

The chemical equation for the fermentation of plant sugars: C6H12O6(aq) —–2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

A
  1. 6
    2.12
  2. 5
  3. g
53
Q

What is the word equation for hydration of ethene using steam?

A

Ethylene + water — Ethanol

54
Q

The chemical equation for hydration of ethene using steam: C2H_(g) + H2O(_)→C2H_OH(l)

A
  1. 4
  2. g
  3. 5
55
Q

Theequilibrium position is a measure of the relative __________ of substances in an equilibrium, showing if there are more ________ or ________ at equilibrium.

A
  1. concentrations
  2. reactants
  3. products
56
Q

What is the molar volume?

A

A measure of the relative concentrations of substances in an equilibrium, showing if there are more reactants or products at equilibrium.

57
Q

What is Avogadro’s law?

A

At a given temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules.

58
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

59
Q

When does Avogadro’s law apply?

A

When the temperature and pressure stay the same.

60
Q

What is Avogadro’s constant?

A

The number of units in a mole: 6.0 ×10²³

61
Q

What is Avogadro’s constant?

A

The amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 ( 6.0 ×10²³ number of particles).

62
Q

What is a mole?

A

A standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles.

63
Q

What is a mole ratio?

A

The ratio of the amounts of two substances as shown in a balanced equation.

64
Q

The molar volume is the ______ occupied by one ____ of any gas, at room _________ and pressure.

A
  1. volume
  2. mole
  3. temperature
65
Q

Finish the sentence: The molar volume is equal to..

A

24 dm³ or 24000 cm³ at room temperature and pressure

66
Q

When can molar volume be used?

A

In calculations involving the masses of solids, and volumes of gases, in reactions.

67
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

The industrial chemical process that makes ammonia by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen together.

68
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

In chemical reactions, a situation where the forward and backward reactions happen at the same rate, and the concentrations of the substances stay the same.

69
Q

What is the equilibrium position of a reversible reaction a measure of?

A

The concentrations of the reacting substances at equilibrium.

70
Q

How can the equilibrium position be changed?

A

By changing the reaction conditions.

71
Q

What is a closed system ?

A

A system in which no substance can be removed or added.

72
Q

What do reversible reactions reach in a closed system?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

73
Q

Name 4 factors the rate of attainment of equilibrium is
affected by.

A
  1. changes in temperature
  2. changes in pressure
  3. changes in concentration
  4. use of a catalyst
73
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

A

Le Chatelier’s Principle
Definition ”When a change is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the
system reacts in such a way as to oppose the effect of the change.”

74
Q

What are the conditions used related to the availability and cost of?

A
  1. raw materials
  2. energy supplies
75
Q

The reaction conditions used are chosen to obtain an acceptable ____ of product in an acceptable ____.

A
  1. yield
  2. time
76
Q

What is the yeild of a reaction?

A

The mass of products made in a chemical reaction.

77
Q

What is the percentage yield of a reaction?

A

A measure of the yield obtained compared to the maximum possible yield.

78
Q

If the temperature is _______, the equilibrium position moves in the direction of the ________ reaction.

A
  1. increased
  2. endothermic
79
Q

If thepressureis _________, the equilibrium position moves in the direction of the ______moleculesof gas.

A
  1. increased
  2. fewest
80
Q

________ do not change the equilibrium concentrations of reacting substances in _______ reactions.

A
  1. Catalysts
  2. reversible
81
Q

What conditions are required for the Haber process?

A

450°C temperature
200 atmospheres
Iron catalyst

82
Q

What is a fertiliser?

A

A nutrient added to the soil to increase the soil fertility.

83
Q

When do farmers use fertilisers?

A

When the concentration of mineral ions in the soil/ water absorbed by the root hair cells decreases.

84
Q

Fertilisers are formulations, what 3 compounds may they contain to promote plant growth?

A
  1. nitrogen
  2. phosphorus
  3. potassium
85
Q

What are fertilisers that supply all threeelements often called? Why?

A

NPK fertilisers, after the chemical symbols for these three elements.

86
Q

Why must fertiliser compounds besolublein water?

A

So they can be absorbed by the root hair cells.

87
Q

As an alkaline, what does ammonia produce when its involved in neutralisation?

A

Ammonium ions

GCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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