Paper 1: Section 5 - Separate chemistry 1

Question 1

What is a transition metal?

Answer 1

A metal located in between group 2 and 3 and has brightly coloured compounds.

Question 2

Most metals are _______ metals. They include iron and other metals used in construction, like ____. The transition metals are placed in the ______ part of the periodic table.

Answer 2

1. transition
2. gold
3. central

Question 3

What are the typical properties of most transition metals?

Answer 3

. High melting points
. High densities
. Form coloured compounds
. They (and their compounds) can act as catalysts

Question 4

Give an example of a transition metal that has the typical properties of a transition metal:

Answer 4

Iron:
. Melting point= 1538°C
. Density= 7.87 g/cm3
. Coloured compounds:
Fe(OH)2 Pale green
Fe(OH)3 Orange-brown
Fe2O3 Red-brown
. Acts as a catalyst for: The Haber process

Question 5

What is corrosion?

Answer 5

When a metal is slowly damaged or destroyed by a chemical process.

Question 6

What is the corrosion of a metal cause by?

Answer 6

Redox reactions

Question 7

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 7

The metal loses electrons, so its oxidised. When oxygen reacts with the metal, it gains electrons.

Question 8

What is the process of rusting?

Answer 8

The process in which iron or steel is corroded.

Question 9

When does rusting occur?

Answer 9

When iron or steel is in contact with both oxygen and water.

Question 10

Is iron oxidised or reduced when it forms rust? Why?

Answer 10

Iron is oxidised because it gains oxygen during rusting.

Question 11

What storing methods can be used to prevent rusting?

Answer 11

. Storing the metal in an atmosphere of unreactive nitrogen or argon will exclude oxygen.
. Storing the metal with a desiccant such as calcium chloride can exclude water.

Question 12

What physical barriers can be used to prevent rusting?

Answer 12

. painting
. oiling and greasing
. coating with plastic

Question 13

Electroplating: Using _________ to deposit a thin layer of _____ onto another metal, usually to improve its appearance or _______ resistance.

Answer 13

1. electrolysis
2. metal
3. corrosion

Question 14

Sacrificial protection: Iron can be protected from rusting if it is in contact with a more _______ metal. The more reactive metal oxidises more ______ than iron, so it ‘sacrifices’ itself while the iron does not ____. Once the sacrificial metal has ________ away, it can simply be replaced.

Answer 14

1. reactive
2. readily
3. rust
4. corroded

Question 15

Galvanising: This is the proccess where iron is coated in ____. The layer stops oxygen and _____ reaching the iron. Zinc is ____ reactive than iron, so it also acts as a __________ metal.

Answer 15

1. zinc
2. water
3. more
4. sacrificial

Question 16

What is an alloy?

Answer 16

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.

Question 17

Solid metals have a regular ______ structure. When a _____ is applied to a metal, layers of atoms can ____ past each other. The more difficult it is for the layers to move, the more ____ is needed and the ______ the metal.

Answer 17

1. lattice
2. force
3. move
4. force
5. stronger

Question 18

Why is iron alloyed with other metals to produce alloy steels?

Answer 18

Alloy steels are produced by mixing iron with one or more other metals because each one is useful for different things.

Question 19

What are the different properties of alloy steels, depending on their composition?

Answer 19

Mild steel- Is malleable and ductile
Tool steel- Is hard and resistant to high temperatures
Stainless steel- Hard and resistant to rusting

Question 20

Gold is a very soft and _______ metal. It is also very unreactive, so it resists _______ and stays shiny.
The visors on space _______ are coated with a layer of gold as it’s thin enough for the astronaut to see through but thick enough to ______ sunlight.
The gold used for jewellery is gold _______ with other metals, often silver, copper and zinc. This makes the jewellery much stronger while keeping its ability to stay ______.

Answer 20

1. malleable
2. corrosion
3. helmets
4. reflect
5. alloyed
6. shiny

Question 21

Bronze is an alloy of ______ and tin. Nowadays, bronze is used to make _______, bells and coins seeing as its highly ductile, exhibits ___ friction and upon exposure to air, bronze ______ on its outer layer (protecting the interior from further corrosion).
Brass is an alloy of copper and ____, and is used to make musical instruments, ____ ______, locks and ____.

Answer 21

1. copper
2. statues
3. low
4. oxidizes
5. zinc
6. door knobs
7. taps

Question 22

Aluminium is relatively lightweight as it has a low _______. Its surface is protected by a layer of aluminium ______, allowing the metal to resist corrosion. Aluminium foil is used in the home for wrapping and storing food because it does not ______ to substances in food, like _____. It is _________, so it is easily folded into shape around the food.

Answer 22

1. density
2. oxide
3. react
4. water
5. malleable

Question 23

What is magnalium?

Answer 23

Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium. It is stronger than aluminium alone but still has a low density. It is used to make aircraft parts.

Question 24

How do you calculate the concentration (in mol/dm3) of a solution?

Answer 24

Concentration mol/dm3= amount of solute in moles/ volume of solution in dm3

Question 25

How do you convert volume from cm3 to dm3?

Answer 25

Divide by 1000 to convert from cm3 to dm3.

Question 26

How do you convert concentration in dm3 into mol g dm3?

Answer 26

To convert from mol/dm3 to g/dm3, multiply by the relative formula mass.

Question 27

Titrations are a procedure in which two solutions react in a known ____. If the ___________ of one solution is known (as well as both the _______ are measured), the concentration of the other solution can be __________.

Answer 27

1. ratio 2. concentration 3. volumes 4. determined

Question 28

How do you calculate the concentration of unknown solution?

Answer 28

Concentration of unknown solution = (volume of known solution ÷ volume of unknown solution) × concentration of known solution

Question 29

What is the definition of the theoretical yield? How is it calculated?

Answer 29

The maximum possible mass of a product that a chemical reaction can make. It is calculated using molar ratios.

Question 30

What is the definition of the actual yield?

Answer 30

The mass of a product that a chemical reaction makes in real life. It is usually less than the theoretical yield, for a number of reasons.

Question 31

Why is the actual yield of a reaction usually less than the theoretical yield?

Answer 31

. Some product may be lost when the products are removed from the reaction mixture . There might be side reactions – unwanted reactions that compete with the desired one . The reactions may be incomplete

Question 32

How do you calculate the percentage yield of a reaction from the actual yield and the theoretical yield?

Answer 32

Percentage yield= actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100

Question 33

How do you calculate the theoretical yield?

Answer 33

Moles= mass (g)/ Mr

Question 34

What is the definition of the actual yield?

Answer 34

The mass of a product that a chemical reaction makes in real life.

Question 35

The atom economy of a reaction is a measure of how many ________ atoms form a desired product. It is important for _________ development and for economic reasons to use reactions with ____ atom economy.

Answer 35

1. reactant 2. sustainable 3. high

Question 36

What is the atom economy of a reaction a measure of?

Answer 36

A measure of how many reactant atoms form a desired product.

Question 37

How is the percentage atom economy of a reaction calculated?

Answer 37

Atom economy= Total Mr of the desired products/ total Mr of all reactants x 100

Question 38

What does the atom economy of a reaction tell you?

Answer 38

What percentage of the mass of the reactants has been converted into your desired product when manufacturing a chemical.

Question 39

The ______ the atom economy the '_______' the process.

Answer 39

1. higher 2. greener

Question 40

Why are reactions with low atom economies usually unsustainable?

Answer 40

They use up resources quickly and create alot of waste materials that have to be disposed of.

Question 41

Low atom economy reactions are not usually profitable since ___ materials are expensive and waste products are expensive to ______ and dispose of responsibly.

Answer 41

1. raw 2. remove

Question 42

What is one solution to the problem of disposing waste products?

Answer 42

Find a use for them: come up with a reaction that gives useful 'by-products' rather than unuseful ones.

Question 43

What is one solution to the problem of disposing waste products?

Answer 43

Find a use for them: come up with a reaction that gives useful 'by-products' rather than unuseful ones.

Question 44

What are three other factors the pathway chosen for the product depend on?

Answer 44

1. rate of reaction 2. equilibrium position 3. usefulness of by-products

Question 45

What is a reaction pathway?

Answer 45

The sequence of reactions needed to produce a desired product from a particular set of raw materials.

Question 46

What is a by-product?

Answer 46

Something that is produced as a waste product.

Question 47

What can the sustainability of a process is ensured by?

Answer 47

'Green chemistry'

Question 48

What 6 factors affect the sustainability of a process?

Answer 48

1. If raw materials are renewable or not 2. the impact on other competing uses for the raw materials 3. the type and amount of by-products 4. Waste 5. Energy inputs and outputs 6. Equilibrium position

Question 49

Name a useful example for choosing reaction pathways.

Answer 49

The manufacture of ethanol, used as a fuel.

Question 50

In what 2 ways is ethanol manufacturered?

Answer 50

1. Fermentation of plant sugars 2. Hydration of ethene, obtained from crude oil, using steam:

Question 51

What is the word equation for the fermentation of plant sugars?

Answer 51

glucose --- ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 52

The chemical equation for the fermentation of plant sugars: C6H12O6(aq) -----2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

Answer 52

1. 6 2.12 3. 5 4. g

Question 53

What is the word equation for hydration of ethene using steam?

Answer 53

Ethylene + water --- Ethanol

Question 54

The chemical equation for hydration of ethene using steam: C2H_(g) + H2O(_) → C2H_OH(l)

Answer 54

1. 4 2. g  3. 5

Question 55

The equilibrium position is a measure of the relative __________ of substances in an equilibrium, showing if there are more ________ or ________ at equilibrium.

Answer 55

1. concentrations 2. reactants 3. products

Question 56

What is the molar volume?

Answer 56

A measure of the relative concentrations of substances in an equilibrium, showing if there are more reactants or products at equilibrium.

Question 57

What is Avogadro's law?

Answer 57

At a given temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules.

Question 58

What is a molecule?

Answer 58

A collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Question 59

When does Avogadro's law apply?

Answer 59

When the temperature and pressure stay the same.

Question 60

What is Avogadro's constant?

Answer 60

The number of units in a mole: 6.0 ×10²³

Question 61

What is Avogadro's constant?

Answer 61

The amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 ( 6.0 ×10²³ number of particles).

Question 62

What is a mole?

Answer 62

A standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles.

Question 63

What is a mole ratio?

Answer 63

The ratio of the amounts of two substances as shown in a balanced equation.

Question 64

The molar volume is the ______ occupied by one ____ of any gas, at room _________ and pressure.

Answer 64

1. volume 2. mole 3. temperature

Question 65

Finish the sentence: The molar volume is equal to..

Answer 65

24 dm³ or 24000 cm³ at room temperature and pressure

Question 66

When can molar volume be used?

Answer 66

In calculations involving the masses of solids, and volumes of gases, in reactions.

Question 67

What is the Haber process?

Answer 67

The industrial chemical process that makes ammonia by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen together.

Question 68

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 68

In chemical reactions, a situation where the forward and backward reactions happen at the same rate, and the concentrations of the substances stay the same.

Question 69

What is the equilibrium position of a reversible reaction a measure of?

Answer 69

The concentrations of the reacting substances at equilibrium.

Question 70

How can the equilibrium position be changed? 

Answer 70

By changing the reaction conditions.

Question 71

What is a closed system ?

Answer 71

A system in which no substance can be removed or added.

Question 72

What do reversible reactions reach in a closed system?

Answer 72

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 73

Name 4 factors the rate of attainment of equilibrium is affected by.

Answer 73

1. changes in temperature 2. changes in pressure 3. changes in concentration 4. use of a catalyst

Question 73

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

Answer 73

Le Chatelier’s Principle Definition ”When a change is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system reacts in such a way as to oppose the effect of the change.”

Question 74

What are the conditions used related to the availability and cost of?

Answer 74

1. raw materials 2. energy supplies

Question 75

The reaction conditions used are chosen to obtain an acceptable ____ of product in an acceptable ____.

Answer 75

1. yield 2. time

Question 76

What is the yeild of a reaction?

Answer 76

The mass of products made in a chemical reaction.

Question 77

What is the percentage yield of a reaction?

Answer 77

A measure of the yield obtained compared to the maximum possible yield.

Question 78

If the temperature is _______, the equilibrium position moves in the direction of the ________ reaction.

Answer 78

1. increased 2. endothermic

Question 79

If the pressure is _________, the equilibrium position moves in the direction of the ______ molecules of gas. 

Answer 79

1. increased 2. fewest

Question 80

________ do not change the equilibrium concentrations of reacting substances in _______ reactions.

Answer 80

1. Catalysts  2. reversible

Question 81

What conditions are required for the Haber process?

Answer 81

450°C temperature 200 atmospheres Iron catalyst

Question 82

What is a fertiliser?

Answer 82

A nutrient added to the soil to increase the soil fertility.

Question 83

When do farmers use fertilisers?

Answer 83

When the concentration of mineral ions in the soil/ water absorbed by the root hair cells decreases.

Question 84

Fertilisers are formulations, what 3 compounds may they contain to promote plant growth?

Answer 84

1. nitrogen 2. phosphorus 3. potassium 

Question 85

What are fertilisers that supply all three elements often called? Why?

Answer 85

NPK fertilisers, after the chemical symbols for these three elements.

Question 86

Why must fertiliser compounds be soluble in water?

Answer 86

So they can be absorbed by the root hair cells.

Question 87

As an alkaline, what does ammonia produce when its involved in neutralisation?

Answer 87

Ammonium ions