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GCSE Chemistry > Paper 1: Section 4- Extracting metals and equilibria > Flashcards

Paper 1: Section 4- Extracting metals and equilibria Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the first 5 metals in the reactivity series?

A
  1. Potassium
  2. Sodium
  3. Lithium
  4. Calcium
  5. Magnesium
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2
Q

What are the first 4 metals in the reactivity series?

A
  1. Zinc
  2. Iron
  3. Lead
  4. Hydrogen
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3
Q

What are the last 3 metals in the reactivity series?

A
  1. Copper
  2. Silver
  3. Gold
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4
Q

A reaction in which a more reactive metal takes the place of a less reactive metal in a compound.

A

A displacement reaction

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5
Q

What does it mean by displaced?

A

Take the place of another substance in a chemical reaction.

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6
Q

How do metal’s reactions with other substances change as you go down the reactivity series?

A

The more reactive a metal is, the more vigorously it reacts with other substances and the more easily it loses electrons to form positive ions (cations).

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7
Q

How do metals reactions with water, acids and salt solutions change as you go down the reactivity series?

A

. Water= Vigorous—readily—slow—none
. Acid= Violent—vigorous—-less strong
. Salt solutions= metals higher in the series displace the other

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8
Q

What does a redox reaction involve?

A

It involves the loss and gain of oxygen.

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9
Q

Redox reactions: What does OILRIG stand for?

A

Oxidation
Is
Loss of electrons
Reduction
Is
Gain of electrons

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10
Q

_________ metals such as gold are found in the Earth’s _____ as the __________ elements. However, most metals are found combined with other elements to form _________.

A
  1. Unreactive
  2. crust
  3. uncombined
  4. compounds
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11
Q

What is the definition of an ore?

A

An ore is a rock that contains enough of a metal or a metal compound to make extracting the metal worthwhile.

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12
Q

What is the difference between a high-grade ore and a low-grade ore?

A

Low-grade ores- contain a small percentage of the metal or its compound
High-grade ores- contain a larger percentage

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13
Q

What is the process of extraction?

A

The process of obtaining a metal from a mineral, usually by reduction or electrolysis.

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14
Q

Most metals are extracted from ____ found in the Earth’s crust. It is more _________ and wasteful to extract a metal from a low-grade ore, but most high-grade ores have already been _____.

A
  1. ores
  2. expensive
  3. used
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15
Q

Finish the sentence: If a metal is less reactive than carbon, it can be extracted from its compounds by…

A

…. heating with carbon.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of electrolysis?

A

The use of electricity to break down electrolytes to form elements.

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17
Q

What happens to cations and anions during electrolysis?

A

. Cations gain electrons at the cathode (reduction)
. Anions lose electrons at the anode (oxidation)

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18
Q

What is a half equation in electrolysis?

A

Represents what happens at an electrode when ions gain or lose electrons during electrolysis.

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19
Q

How is a metal’s relative tendency to form cations and its resistance to oxidation related to its position in the reactivity series

A

. The higher up a metal, the greater the tendency to form cations
. The lower a metal is, the greater its resistance to oxidation

20
Q

Why are there alternative biological methods of metal
extraction?

A

When extracting metals from low-grade ores its more sustainable to do so with methods that use living organisms.

21
Q

Using plants to absorb metal compounds from the ground through their roots. The plants are then burned to produce ash containing a high concentration of the metal compounds.

A

Phytoextraction

22
Q

What are the benefits of phytoextraction?

A

. Reduces the need for mining
. Conserves limited supplies of high-grade ores
. Reduces the amount of rock waste that must be disposed of after traditional mining

23
Q

What are the negatives of phytoextraction?

A

. Its slow

24
Q

Using bacteria to extract metals from their ores.

A

Bioleaching

25
Q

What are the benefits of bioleaching?

A

. Does not need high temperatures

26
Q

What are the negatives of phytoextraction?

A

. Produces toxic substances, including sulfuric acid, which damage the environment

27
Q

After collecting and transporting used metals to a recycling centre, what is required?

A

. Next, the metals need to be broken up and sorted into different metals.
. Then the impurities from the metals will be removed.

28
Q

What are the advantages of recycling compared to producing metals from metal ores?

A

. More economic - less energy is needed to produce a metal
. Less damage to the environment - fewer quarries and mines, less noise, and less heavy traffic
. Saves valuable raw materials - reserves of metal ores will last longer

29
Q

What is the the life-cycle assessment?

A

An analysis of the impact a manufactured product has on the environment.

30
Q

What are the main stages analysed as part of a life-cycle assessment?

A

. Making materials from the raw materials needed
. Manufacturing the product
. Transport of the product (and raw materials)
. Using the product
. Disposing of the product at the end of its useful life

31
Q

What 3 things are considered at each stage a life-cycle assessment?

A
  1. The use of raw materials (including water)
  2. The use of energy
  3. The release of waste substances into the environment
32
Q

What impact does obtaining raw materials have on the environment?

A

. Uses up limited resources, like ores and crude oil
. Damages habitats through quarrying, mining, or felling trees

33
Q

What impact does the manufacture of products have on the environment?

A

. Uses up land for factories
. Produces waste (emitted into rivers or the atmosphere)

34
Q

What impact does the method of disposal of old products have on the environment?

A

. Uses up land for landfill sites
. Releases waste gases during incineration
. Uses energy and produces waste substances if the product is recycled
. Reduction in impact if the product is reused

35
Q

What are reversible reactions and what is the generic reaction shown as?

A

Reversible reactions are chemical reactions that can go both ways.
(A + B ⇌ C + D)

36
Q

How can reversible reactions be altered by changing the reaction conditions?

A

The reaction is reversible as the products can be changed back into the original reactants.

37
Q

What is an example of a reaction being altered by changing the reaction conditions?

A

Ammonium chloride seeing as it breaks down when heated, forming ammonia and hydrogen chloride.
.When these two gases are cool enough, they react together to form ammonium chloride again.

(ammonium chloride ⇌ ammonia + hydrogen chloride)

38
Q

If a reaction is exothermic in one direction, it will be ____________ in the other direction. The ____ amount of energy is transferred in both the ________ and reverse reaction.

A
  1. Endothermic
  2. Same
  3. Forwards
39
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

A state of balance between continuing processes.

40
Q

What happens at equilibrium?

A

. The forward and backward reactions are still happening
. The forward and backward reactions have the same rate of reaction
. The concentrations of all the reacting substances remain constant

41
Q

How is the position of dynamic equilibrium
affected when a change is made to a system?

A

The position of equilibrium moves to counteract the change that was made.

42
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

The process of producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

43
Q

What conditions do nitrogen and hydrogen react together under?

A

. Temperature of 450°C
. 200 atmospheres
. An iron catalyst

44
Q

What equation summarises the Haber process?

A

nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia
(N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3)

45
Q

How is any unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled?

A

The mixture is cooled and compressed, causing the ammonia gas to condense into a liquid.
. The liquefied ammonia is separated and removed.
.The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are then recycled back into the reactor.

GCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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