Paper 1 Organisation 9

Question 1

Explain inheritance can be a risk factor?

Answer 1

You could get faulty genes passed on from your parents

Question 2

Explain how lifestyle can be risk factor of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

Smoking
Poor diet
Lack of exercise

Question 3

Explain how environmental substances can be a risk factor of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 3

Ultra violet light
Ionising radiation
Carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals)

Question 4

Explain how your mentality can be a risk factor of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 4

• things that cause stress should be considered

- things that effect mental and physical health

Question 5

When assessing the impact of risk factors what do scientists do?

Answer 5

They examine the link between risk factor and the disease for a correlation

Question 6

Correlation doesn’t prove a ………… .,…….., it proves that one factor ………….. the other

Answer 6

Casual mechanism

Influences

Question 7

How does cancer start?

Answer 7

• new cells are created and old cells doe on a regular basis, in a sequence called cell cycle
• cancer cells are formed when the mechanism controlling the cycle fail
• which leads changes in the cell the cause uncontrollable growth and division
• the abnormal mass of cells is known as a tumour

Question 8

What are the 2 types of tumour?

Answer 8

• benign

- malignant

Question 9

What’s a benign tumour?

Answer 9

• are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane
• so it doesn’t invade other parts of the body
• (although they don’t spread and are less harmful, they can put pressure on nearby organs such as the brain)

Question 10

What’s a malignant tumour?

Answer 10

• malignant tumour cells are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they cause secondary tumours
• (they split into smaller clumps if cells and spread (metastasize) around the body, through the lymphatic system)
• secondary tumours make the cancer harder to treat

Question 11

What 4 things can cause cancer?

Answer 11

• carcinogens
• ionising radiation
• inherit
• viral infections

Question 12

How can carcinogenic substances cause cancer?

Answer 12

-the genes causing the cell cycle can mutate due to contact with carcinogenic chemicals

Question 13

Give an example of a carcinogenic chemical?

Answer 13

Tar in cigarette smoke

Question 14

How can ionising radiation cause cancer?

Answer 14

It can mutate the DNA of genes

Question 15

Give an example of 2 ionising radiations which can cause cancer?

Answer 15

UV light can cause skin cancer

X-rays

Question 16

How can you inherit cancer?

Answer 16

It’s possible to inherit faulty genes from parents, increasing the chance of developing certain cancers

Question 17

How can viral infections cause cancer?

Answer 17

Some cancers can be caused by viral infections, as the virus inserts cancer genes into the host’s DNA

Question 18

Give an example of a viral infection that can cause cancer?

Answer 18

Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV infections

Question 19

What ways are there to treat cancer?

Answer 19

• surgical (mostly for benign tumours)
• radiotherapy (targeting radiation at cancer cells often kills healthy cells too)
• chemotherapy (drugs which stop cancer cells from dividing but has side effects)

Question 20

What’s a depressant?

Answer 20

Slows down the nervous system

Question 21

What does alcohol do?

Answer 21

Alcohol (ethanol) is an addictive, depressant drug

It’s absorbed into the blood and travels to the brain, where it slows down the activity of the nervous system

Question 22

What damage can alcohol do?

Answer 22

1. Long term it can damage the brain preventing it from functioning properly
2. It damages the liver causes scar tissue to build up,called cirrhosis
3. Alcohol is a carcinogen, so long term use can increase the risk of liver cancer

Question 23

Why is it bad for pregnant women to drink?

Answer 23

It will pass through the placenta to the baby

Question 24

What leads to a high cholesterol?

Answer 24

• Eating too many saturated fats
• fatty deposits build up in the walls of arteries, which lead to cardiovascular disease
• this results in a rise in blood pressure putting strain on the heart

Question 25

What’d type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

• caused by high sugar intake
• there’s a genetic link in some people
• the rise in diabetes in recent years is due to poor lifestyle

Question 26

What does obesity do?

Answer 26

• it’s one of the main factors of arthritis

- it damages the joints, leading to stiffness & pain when moving