Paper 1 Organisation 9 Flashcards
Explain inheritance can be a risk factor?
You could get faulty genes passed on from your parents
Explain how lifestyle can be risk factor of non-communicable diseases?
Smoking
Poor diet
Lack of exercise
Explain how environmental substances can be a risk factor of non-communicable diseases?
Ultra violet light
Ionising radiation
Carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals)
Explain how your mentality can be a risk factor of non-communicable diseases?
- things that cause stress should be considered
- things that effect mental and physical health
When assessing the impact of risk factors what do scientists do?
They examine the link between risk factor and the disease for a correlation
Correlation doesn’t prove a ………… .,…….., it proves that one factor ………….. the other
Casual mechanism
Influences
How does cancer start?
- new cells are created and old cells doe on a regular basis, in a sequence called cell cycle
- cancer cells are formed when the mechanism controlling the cycle fail
- which leads changes in the cell the cause uncontrollable growth and division
- the abnormal mass of cells is known as a tumour
What are the 2 types of tumour?
- benign
- malignant
What’s a benign tumour?
- are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane
- so it doesn’t invade other parts of the body
- (although they don’t spread and are less harmful, they can put pressure on nearby organs such as the brain)
What’s a malignant tumour?
- malignant tumour cells are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they cause secondary tumours
- (they split into smaller clumps if cells and spread (metastasize) around the body, through the lymphatic system)
- secondary tumours make the cancer harder to treat
What 4 things can cause cancer?
- carcinogens
- ionising radiation
- inherit
- viral infections
How can carcinogenic substances cause cancer?
-the genes causing the cell cycle can mutate due to contact with carcinogenic chemicals
Give an example of a carcinogenic chemical?
Tar in cigarette smoke
How can ionising radiation cause cancer?
It can mutate the DNA of genes
Give an example of 2 ionising radiations which can cause cancer?
UV light can cause skin cancer
X-rays
How can you inherit cancer?
It’s possible to inherit faulty genes from parents, increasing the chance of developing certain cancers
How can viral infections cause cancer?
Some cancers can be caused by viral infections, as the virus inserts cancer genes into the host’s DNA
Give an example of a viral infection that can cause cancer?
Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV infections
What ways are there to treat cancer?
- surgical (mostly for benign tumours)
- radiotherapy (targeting radiation at cancer cells often kills healthy cells too)
- chemotherapy (drugs which stop cancer cells from dividing but has side effects)
What’s a depressant?
Slows down the nervous system
What does alcohol do?
Alcohol (ethanol) is an addictive, depressant drug
It’s absorbed into the blood and travels to the brain, where it slows down the activity of the nervous system
What damage can alcohol do?
- Long term it can damage the brain preventing it from functioning properly
- It damages the liver causes scar tissue to build up,called cirrhosis
- Alcohol is a carcinogen, so long term use can increase the risk of liver cancer
Why is it bad for pregnant women to drink?
It will pass through the placenta to the baby
What leads to a high cholesterol?
- Eating too many saturated fats
- fatty deposits build up in the walls of arteries, which lead to cardiovascular disease
- this results in a rise in blood pressure putting strain on the heart
What’d type 2 diabetes?
- caused by high sugar intake
- there’s a genetic link in some people
- the rise in diabetes in recent years is due to poor lifestyle
What does obesity do?
- it’s one of the main factors of arthritis
- it damages the joints, leading to stiffness & pain when moving
