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GCSE B2 > Paper 1 organisation 8 > Flashcards

Paper 1 organisation 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 3 parts of the circulatory system?

A
  • the blood
  • the blood vessels
  • the heart
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2
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

To transport materials required by the cells (eg. Glucose and oxygen) and remove waste (eg. Carbon dioxide)

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3
Q

List 4 things found in blood

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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4
Q

Plasma

A
  • Plasma is a yellow liquid formed mostly of water.
  • in your blood
  • it transports the products from the intestines to cells
  • carbon dioxide from the dissolves in it to be taken back to the lungs
  • carries urea, which is formed by the liver in the breakdown of proteins. It is taken to the kidneys to be extracted in the urine
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5
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • carry the oxygen from the lungs to the respiring cells
  • they are a biconcave disc shape, increasing the surface area to volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out
  • they have no nucleus, more space for oxygen
  • they have haemoglobin, which can bond to oxygen to form a bright red oxyhemoglobin
  • in the low oxygen concentrations of the tissues it breaks down again, and releases the oxygen (turns a purply-red colour)
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6
Q

What is the equation for oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hb + O_2 ———> HbO_2

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7
Q

White blood cells

A
  • are larger and there are less of them than red blood cells
  • they have a nucleus and form part of the immune system, defending the body against pathogens
  • some engulf and destroy invading microbes, other produce antibodies or antitoxins phagocyte
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8
Q

Platelets

A
  • are small fragments of cells without a nucleus
  • They form a clot at the site of a wound by forming a mesh of protein fibres that trap other blood cells to form a scab
  • This prevents further blood loss and prevents infection
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9
Q

Name the 3 types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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10
Q

Arteries

A
  • carries blood away from the heart
  • As they are close to the heart, they experience pulses of high pressure
  • They therefore have thick muscular and elastic walls that can stretch
  • The lumen is relatively small to maintain the pressure
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11
Q

Define lumen

A

hole down the middle

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12
Q

Veins

A
  • carry blood towards the heart
  • have much thinner walls as the pressure is a lot less
  • lumen is usually large
  • have valves within them to prevent backflow of the blood under this low pressure
  • Contractions of the skeletal muscles also helps to keep the blood flowing back towards the heart
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13
Q

Capillaries

A
  • are the only blood vessels that allow materials to enter or leave the blood
  • They form a huge network of narrow, thin-walled vessels, giving a large surface area for exchange
  • It is here that glucose and oxygen leave the blood to reach the cells and waste carbon dioxide passes back
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14
Q

A Double circulatory system

A
  • Humans have a double-circulatory system
  • meaning that the blood flows through the heart twice during each full circuit
  • One loop takes the blood through the lungs to be oxygenated
  • then the second loop carries it to the cells of the body
  • It is very efficient, as it can be pumped at high pressure to increase its speed of delivery
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15
Q

The heart

A
  • The heart is muscle that contracts in a coordinated sequence to move the blood around the body
  • It is supplied with oxygen and glucose by coronary arteries
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16
Q

Pacemaker

A

Pacemaker cells in the right atrium coordinate the muscle cells to contract together

17
Q

Explain the full transportation of blood

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood arrives through the vena cava from the body into the right atrium
  2. The atrium contracts and forces the blood into the right ventricle
  3. The ventricle contracts and forces the blood up the pulmonary artery towards the lungs.
  4. Valves stop the blood from moving back into the right atrium
  5. Oxygenated blood arrives through the pulmonary vein from the lungs into the left atrium
  6. The atrium contracts and forces the blood into the left ventricle
  7. The ventricle contracts and forces the blood up the aorta to the body.
  8. Valves stop the blood from moving back into the left atrium
18
Q

List 4 artificial devices that help with blood circulation

A
  • stents
  • valve replacement
  • artificial hearts
  • pacemaker
19
Q

Stents

A
  • are metal mesh sleeves that can be inserted into an artery and inflated with a ballon
  • They are used to widen blood vessels such as the coronary arteries that supply the heart, if they have been narrowed by fatty deposits over time
  • it doesn’t require general anaesthetics
20
Q

What is the alternative to stents?

A
  • bypass surgery
  • which involves replacing narrow or blocked arteries with veins from another part of the body
  • This is more expensive and requires a general anaesthetic
21
Q

What would someone with cardiovascular disease be prescribed with?

A
  • statins

- which lowers blood cholesterol and reduce the fatty deposits in the artery

22
Q

Valve replacement

A

-are used if a person’s natural heart valves begin to fail under the constant high pressure

23
Q

(Valve replacement) Mechanical valves

A

-Can be made of titanium and polymers will last forever, but require the patient to take drugs to prevent blood clots forming

24
Q

(Valve replacement) Biological valves

A

-from human donors or other animals (pigs or cows) do not require medication, but will only last for 15 years

25
Q

Artificial hearts

A
  • can save many lives, as there are never enough hearts to use in transplants
  • are primarily used as a temporary fix until a replacement human heart can be provided
  • require lots of machinery so the patient must stay in hospital
  • Mobile artificial hearts are still being experimented with for the future
26
Q

Electrical pacemaker

A
  • If the natural pacemaker cells in the right atrium becomes damaged, the heart can beat irregularly, or at the wrong speed
  • electrical pacemaker can be implanted in the chest, connected to the heart muscle, that stimulates contractions at the correct rate
27
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A
  • are not infectious

- rarely caused by a single agent

28
Q

Communicable diseases

A
  • are those that can be passed from one person to another

- These are caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, virus)

29
Q

A disease

A

Absent of good health

30
Q

What 4 factors cause non-communicable diseases?

A
  • inherited genes
  • lifestyle
  • environmental substances
  • mental

GCSE B2 (11 decks)

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