Paper 1- Mrs McCormack Flashcards
Operant Conditioning
Manipulative theory to ensure a skill is learnt. Use of reinforcement to make a correct response to the theory
What are characteristics of operant conditioning
- Trial and error
- Manipulate the environment
- Shapes behaviour
How does criticism effect behaviour
Anger and ignorance provided cause the movement to be avoided
How does operant conditioning work?
Strengthens the bond between stimulus and response - known as the SR Bond
How Operant Conditioning work
Positive reinforcement - rewarding correct responses
Negative reinforcement - negative criticism is removed when a performer does it correctly but it isn’t replaced with positive reinforcement
Punishment - prevents incorrect actions happening again
What is Observation Learning
A theory that suggests both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learn by watching and copying others. Such as a coach and a model demonstration
Stage 1 - Attention
- Demonstration must be attractive to the performer
- Making sure performer takes notes of relevant cues
- Important if it stands out
Stage 2 - Retention
- Accurate and clear recollection of demonstration
- Attempt right after the demo
- Info broken down into chunks and repeated
Stage 3 - Motor Production
- Mental and physical ability to do the task
- Should be given time to practice before moving on
Stage 4 - Motivation
- Gaining drive from learning the skill successfully
- Praise and rewards can be used
Social Development Theory
Learning by association with others
Inter-psychological learning
Learning from others externally
Intra-psychological learning
Learning using others and more knowledgable others to develop
Constructivism
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
Zone of proximal development
- Based on the performers needs
- The next stage of learning
Insight Learning
Performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea on how to deal with the sporting problem
- Concentrates on the whole task
What do they gain from insight learning?
- Self satisfaction
- Intrinsic motivation
Only if they solve it on there own
What does Insight Learning involve?
- Encourages thinking for themselves
- Develops cognitive process and decision making
- Generate more understanding of the actions required
What is the Cognitive Stage?
- Faced with a new skill
- Performers think carefully about their actions
- Try and copy the demonstrations and instructions
- Extrinsic feedback required
- Slow and uncoordinated movement
- Motor programmes not yet developed
- Trial and error
Associative Stage
- Longer duration
- Beginner to an accomplished performer
- Practice
- Trail and error
- Feedback both internal and external
- Smoother and more coordinated movement
Autonomous Stage
- Must practice to stay at a high level
- Actions are fluent, efficient and automatic
- Concentrate on fine details
- Motor programmes are developed
- Performers are experts
Transfer Of Learning
The effect of learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
Positive Transfer
When the learning of one skill helps or aids the learning of another
Negative transfer
When the action of one skill hinders the learning of another
Bilateral transfer
When the learning of one skill is transferred across the body from one limb to another
Zero transfer
When the learning of one skill has no effect on another
Visual Guidance
- Involves a demonstration, picture, or video (anything the performer can see)
- Gives them a mental picture
- Can be given by anyone that can replicate the movement
Advantages of visual guidance
- Highlight specific weaknesses
- Shows what the skill looks like as a result of practice
- Creates a mental image
- Nearly always used in conjunction with verbal guidance
Disadvantages of visual guidance
- Demonstration must be completely accurate
- If too much information is given then the performer may become confused
Verbal Guidance
Explanation of a task
Advantages of Verbal Guidance
- Can be given as feedback
- Helps build mental image when paired with visual guidance
- Extremely he,Paul when working with elite athletes
Disadvantages of verbal guidance
- Confusion if the information is to complicated
- Can place too much demand on the memory system
- May lose concentration if not precise and brief
Manual Guidance
Physical support such as holding a gymnast when doing a handstand
Advantages of manual guidance
- Eliminates danger
- Builds confidence
- Reduces fear and anxiety
- Helps forced responses
- Accurate learning of the movement
Disadvantages of manual guidance
- Detrimental to performance if overused
- Reliance on support can interfere with the feeling of the task
- Dependance on the help
Mechanical Guidance
When a device is used to aid learning, practice and/or performance
Advantages of Mechanical Guidance
- Builds confidence
- Eliminates danger
- Builds feeling of skill
- Available for disabled athletes
- Aids recovery from injury
Disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- Interferes with the feeling of the task naturally
- Performer may depends
- Motivation can be lost as the skill isn’t been done independently
