Paper 1- Mrs McCormack

Question 1

Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

Manipulative theory to ensure a skill is learnt. Use of reinforcement to make a correct response to the theory

Question 2

What are characteristics of operant conditioning

Answer 2

1. Trial and error
2. Manipulate the environment
3. Shapes behaviour

Question 3

How does criticism effect behaviour

Answer 3

Anger and ignorance provided cause the movement to be avoided

Question 4

How does operant conditioning work?

Answer 4

Strengthens the bond between stimulus and response - known as the SR Bond

Question 5

How Operant Conditioning work

Answer 5

Positive reinforcement - rewarding correct responses
Negative reinforcement - negative criticism is removed when a performer does it correctly but it isn’t replaced with positive reinforcement
Punishment - prevents incorrect actions happening again

Question 6

What is Observation Learning

Answer 6

A theory that suggests both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learn by watching and copying others. Such as a coach and a model demonstration

Question 7

Stage 1 - Attention

Answer 7

• Demonstration must be attractive to the performer
• Making sure performer takes notes of relevant cues
• Important if it stands out

Question 8

Stage 2 - Retention

Answer 8

• Accurate and clear recollection of demonstration
• Attempt right after the demo
• Info broken down into chunks and repeated

Question 9

Stage 3 - Motor Production

Answer 9

• Mental and physical ability to do the task
• Should be given time to practice before moving on

Question 10

Stage 4 - Motivation

Answer 10

• Gaining drive from learning the skill successfully
• Praise and rewards can be used

Question 11

Social Development Theory

Answer 11

Learning by association with others

Question 12

Inter-psychological learning

Answer 12

Learning from others externally

Question 13

Intra-psychological learning

Answer 13

Learning using others and more knowledgable others to develop

Question 14

Constructivism

Answer 14

Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance

Question 15

Zone of proximal development

Answer 15

• Based on the performers needs
• The next stage of learning

Question 16

Insight Learning

Answer 16

Performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea on how to deal with the sporting problem
- Concentrates on the whole task

Question 17

What do they gain from insight learning?

Answer 17

• Self satisfaction
• Intrinsic motivation
  Only if they solve it on there own

Question 18

What does Insight Learning involve?

Answer 18

• Encourages thinking for themselves
• Develops cognitive process and decision making
• Generate more understanding of the actions required

Question 19

What is the Cognitive Stage?

Answer 19

• Faced with a new skill
• Performers think carefully about their actions
• Try and copy the demonstrations and instructions
• Extrinsic feedback required
• Slow and uncoordinated movement
• Motor programmes not yet developed
• Trial and error

Question 20

Associative Stage

Answer 20

• Longer duration
• Beginner to an accomplished performer
• Practice
• Trail and error
• Feedback both internal and external
• Smoother and more coordinated movement

Question 21

Autonomous Stage

Answer 21

• Must practice to stay at a high level
• Actions are fluent, efficient and automatic
• Concentrate on fine details
• Motor programmes are developed
• Performers are experts

Question 22

Transfer Of Learning

Answer 22

The effect of learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another

Question 23

Positive Transfer

Answer 23

When the learning of one skill helps or aids the learning of another

Question 24

Negative transfer

Answer 24

When the action of one skill hinders the learning of another

Question 25

Bilateral transfer

Answer 25

When the learning of one skill is transferred across the body from one limb to another

Question 26

Zero transfer

Answer 26

When the learning of one skill has no effect on another

Question 27

Visual Guidance

Answer 27

• Involves a demonstration, picture, or video (anything the performer can see)
• Gives them a mental picture
• Can be given by anyone that can replicate the movement

Question 28

Advantages of visual guidance

Answer 28

• Highlight specific weaknesses
• Shows what the skill looks like as a result of practice
• Creates a mental image
• Nearly always used in conjunction with verbal guidance

Question 29

Disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 29

• Demonstration must be completely accurate
• If too much information is given then the performer may become confused

Question 30

Verbal Guidance

Answer 30

Explanation of a task

Question 31

Advantages of Verbal Guidance

Answer 31

• Can be given as feedback
• Helps build mental image when paired with visual guidance
• Extremely he,Paul when working with elite athletes

Question 32

Disadvantages of verbal guidance

Answer 32

• Confusion if the information is to complicated
• Can place too much demand on the memory system
• May lose concentration if not precise and brief

Question 33

Manual Guidance

Answer 33

Physical support such as holding a gymnast when doing a handstand

Question 34

Advantages of manual guidance

Answer 34

• Eliminates danger
• Builds confidence
• Reduces fear and anxiety
• Helps forced responses
• Accurate learning of the movement

Question 35

Disadvantages of manual guidance

Answer 35

• Detrimental to performance if overused
• Reliance on support can interfere with the feeling of the task
• Dependance on the help

Question 36

Mechanical Guidance

Answer 36

When a device is used to aid learning, practice and/or performance

Question 37

Advantages of Mechanical Guidance

Answer 37

• Builds confidence
• Eliminates danger
• Builds feeling of skill
• Available for disabled athletes
• Aids recovery from injury

Question 38

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

Answer 38

• Interferes with the feeling of the task naturally
• Performer may depends
• Motivation can be lost as the skill isn’t been done independently