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Physics > Paper 1 - Is Assessed > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Is Assessed Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a scalar quantity

A

Has magnitude (size) but no direction

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2
Q

Define a vector quantity

A

Has magnitude (size) and direction

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3
Q

List 6 vector quantities

A

force, velocity, displacement, weight, acceleration, momentum

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4
Q

List 6 scalar quantities

A

speed, distance, mass, energy, temperature, time

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5
Q

Explain the difference between speed and velocity

A
  • Speed is just how fast you are going with no regard to direction
  • Velocity is speed in a given direction
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6
Q

State the formula for speed (m/s)

A

distance / time

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7
Q

State the formula for distance (m)

A

speed x time

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8
Q 
Draw a distance/time graph for a journey that travels at:
steady speed for 2 secs
stops for 5 secs
accelerates for 2 secs
decelerates for 2 secs
A

Straight line, flat line, steepening curve, levelling curve

Rev. guide page 14

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9
Q

How do you calculate the speed from a distance/time graph

A

Speed = gradient = change in y / change in x

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10
Q

Velocity/time graph : compare acceleration from gradient

A

gradient = acceleration because acceleration = velocity/time

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11
Q

How do you calculate distance from a velocity/time graph

A

distance = area under the graph

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12
Q 
Draw a velocity/time graph for a journey that travels at:
constant acceleration
steady speed
increasing acceleration
steady speed
constant deceleration
A

Straight line, flat line, steepening curve, flat, decreasing straight line

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13
Q

Why does an object in orbit at constant speed have a changing velocity?

A

It is travelling at the same pace, but changing direction as it moves in a circular motion

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14
Q

What is the resultant force acting on an object moving in a circular motion?

A

Force acts towards the centre of a circle keeping it moving = centripetal force

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15
Q

What is an objects inertial mass?

A

How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object

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16
Q

What is inertia?

A

The tendency for motion to remain unchanged

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17
Q

How do you calculate an objects inertial mass?

A

mass = F / a

The ratio of force over acceleration

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18
Q

State Newton’s 3rd Law

A

When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

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19
Q

Why do skaters of different masses but exerting the same force accelerate at different speeds?

A

Because a = F / m, so whoever has the smaller mass will accelerate faster than the heavier skater

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20
Q

Explain how a book is in equilibrium and doesn’t move

A
  • the book is pulled down by its weight due to gravity
  • the book also pulls up on the earth
  • the normal contact force from the table pushes up the book
  • the normal contact from the book pushing down on the table
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21
Q

What is a normal contact force?

A

An equal and opposite force from the passive

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22
Q

What is the action force?

A

The one that instigates the force

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23
Q

Define momentum and it’s formula

A

The product of the objects mass and velocity

Mass x velocity

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24
Q

Define the conservation of momentum

A

In a closed system:

the total momentum before and event = the same after the event

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25
Q

In snooker, with balls of the same size and mass, what happens when they collide?

A
  • one is stationary = zero momentum
  • one is moving with a momentum of p=m x v
  • balls collide and gives them both momentum
  • combined momentum = original
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26
Q

Give the typical speeds for wind and sounds, and ferries

A

Wind = 5-20m/s
Sound in air = 340m/s
Ferries = 15m/s

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27
Q

Give the typical speeds for walking, running, cycling

A 
Walking = 1.4m/s
Running = 3m/s
Cycling = 5.5m/s
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28
Q

Give typical speeds for planes, trains, cars in a built up area and cars on a motorway

A

Plane = 250m/s
Train = 55m/s
Cars in built up area = 13m/s
Cars on motorway = 31m/s

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29
Q

What is the value of g on Earth?

A

10m/s2

Actually 9.81

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30
Q

What must you measure when using light gates to measure speeds of objects?

A
  • measure mass of trolley, unit masses and the hanging hook

- measure the length of piece of card that will interrupt the light gate beams

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31
Q

How do you use light gates to measure the speeds of objects?

A
  • adjust height of ramp until trolley starts to move
  • mark a line on the ramp before the first light gate (start)
  • attach trolley to the hanging mass by string and let go of trolley
  • each light gate will record the time and speed when the trolley passes
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32
Q

What are the variables in the experiment with light gates measuring speeds of objects?

A 
Independent = mass on hanging hook
Dependent = speed of trolley at light gates
Control = height of ramp, trolley, piece of card
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33
Q

How can you find an objects speed by using light gates after the experiment has happened?

A

Acceleration = change in speed / time

Change in speed = speed at second light gate - speed at first light gate

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34
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law?

A 
F = m x a
Resultant Force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
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35
Q

How can Newton’s 2nd law be used with momentum and time?

A

Force (N) = change in momentum (kgm/s) / time (s)

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36
Q

What is the formula for GPE?

A

GPE = mgh

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37
Q

What is the formula for KE?

A

KE = 1/2 X mass X speed^2

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38
Q

How can energy be transferred?

A

Mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation

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39
Q

Define energy when transferred mechanically

A

A force acting on an object eg pushing

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40
Q

Define energy when transferred electrically

A

A charge doing work eg in a circuit

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41
Q

Define energy when transferred by heating

A

Energy transferred from a hotter object to a colder object

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42
Q

Define energy when transferred by radiation

A

Energy transferred by waves eg energy from the sun

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43
Q

What is meant by the conservation of energy?

A

When energy is converted from one form to another, the total energy before the change has to equal the total of all energies after the change

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44
Q

What happens to the energy when a ball rolls upwards?

A
  • ball does work against the gravitational force

- energy is transferred mechanically from the KE store to the ball’s GPE store

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45
Q

What happens to the energy when a moving objects hits an obstacle?

A bat and a ball

A
  • a bat has KE
  • some of this is transferred mechanically to the ball’s KE store
  • some energy is transferred mechanically to the thermal energy store of the bat and the ball
  • the rest is carried away by sound
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46
Q

What happens to the energy when an object being is being accelerated by a constant force?

A rock dropped from a cliff

A
  • assuming there’s no air resistance, gravity does work on the rock
  • so the rock accelerates towards the ground
  • energy is transferred mechanically from the rock’s GPE to its KE
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47
Q

What happens to the energy when a vehicle slows down?

A
  • Energy in the KE store of the car is transferred mechanically (due to friction)
  • and then by heating to the thermal energy stores of the car and road
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48
Q

What happens to the energy when bringing water to a boil in an electric kettle?

A
  • energy is transferred electrically from the mains to the heating element of the kettle
  • and then by heating to the thermal energy store of the water
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49
Q

What are energy transfers like in a closed system?

A

There is no net change to the total energy in the system

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50
Q

Define the conservation of energy principle

A

Total energy input = useful energy output + wasted energy

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51
Q

What is the formula for efficiency?

A 
Useful energy (J)
————————
Total energy (J)
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52
Q

Why are mechanical processes wasteful of energy?

A
  • frictional forces have to be overcome
  • the energy needed to overcome this is transferred to the thermal energy stores of whatever’s doing the work and the surrounding
  • this isn’t useful energy and is quickly dissipated
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53
Q

What are lubricants, and what do they do?

A

Can be used to reduce the friction between the objects’ surfaces when they move
Eg. Oils so they can flow easily between objects

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54
Q

Why do lubricants help to reduce unwanted energy transfers?

A

Reduces energy transferred by friction during mechanically transferred energy

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55
Q

In a building, what does the lower conductivity of its walls mean?

A

The slower the rate of energy transfer through them (meaning the building cools slower)

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56
Q

How do cavity walls reduce wasted energy transfers?

A

The air gap reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction, because air has a very low thermal conductivity

57
Q

What else - in buildings - reduces the rate of energy transfers by heating?

A

Thicker walls = slower rate of energy transfer

58
Q

What diagrams show efficiency?

A

Sankey diagrams

  • useful energy = top arrow
  • wasted energy = bottom arrow
59
Q

What frequency does ultrasound have?

A

Greater than 20,000Hz

60
Q

What is the frequency of infrasound?

A

Below 20Hz

61
Q

How do sound waves travel?

A

Through compressions and rarefraction by causing particles to vibrate

62
Q

What determines a solid’s ability to transmit different frequencies?

A

Size, shape and structure

63
Q

What are echoes?

A

Sound waves reflected by hard flat surfaces

64
Q

What happens when sound waves cause your eardrum to vibrate?

A

The vibrations are passed on to ring bones in your ear called ossicles, through semicircular canals and to the cochlea

65
Q

What does the cochlea do in the ear?

A

Turns vibrations into electrical signals which get sent to your brain by the auditory nerve

66
Q

How does the speed of sound change is different media?

A

Travel faster in liquids than gas

Travel faster in solids than liquids

67
Q

How does the frequency affect the transmission of sound waves?

A

Frequency doesn’t change from one media to another

68
Q

How does wavelength impact the transmission of sound?

A

It gets longer when the wave speeds up and shorter when the wave slows down

69
Q

Why doesn’t sound travel in space?

A

It’s a vacuum so there are no particles to vibrate

70
Q

How can ultrasound be used in foetal scanning?

A
  • Ultrasound waves pass through the body, but some wave is reflected back and detected at a boundary (eg. skin of a foetus)
  • the exact timing and distribution of these echoes are processed by a computer to create a video image
71
Q

How is ultrasound used in industrial imaging?

A
  • can be used to find flaws in objects such as pipes
  • ultrasound entering a material will usually be reflected by the far side of the material
  • so a flaw such as a crack will be reflected sooner
72
Q

How is ultrasound used in sonar in boats?

A
  • called echo sounding

- finds the distances to the seabed, or to locate objects in deep water

73
Q

What is produced during an earthquake and how do we measure these?

A

Seismic waves at a range of frequencies, detected by seismometers

74
Q

What do seismologists do?

A

Work out the time it takes for the waves to reach each seismometer, and which part of Earth don’t receive waves

75
Q

What happens when seismic waves reach a boundary between different layers (of the earths crust)?

A

Some are absorbed and some will be refracted

76
Q

What happens to seismic waves when they are refracted?

A

They change speed gradually, resulting in a curved path

77
Q

What happens when the properties of seismic waves change suddenly?

A

The wave speed changes abruptly and the path has a kink

78
Q

State the two seismic waves

A

P- waves and S- waves

79
Q

What have seismic waves helped up to discover about the Earth?

A

The size of the core, and its internal structure

80
Q

What are the 3 properties to P-waves?

A
  • longitudinal
  • travel through solids and liquids (so can pass through Earth’s core)
  • faster than S-waves
81
Q

What are 3 properties to S-waves?

A
  • transverse
  • only travel through solids (can’t travel through Earth’s core)
  • slower than P-waves
82
Q

What may different substances do to waves?

there’s 4 things

A

Absorb, transmit, reflect, refract

83
Q

Summarise the steady state theory

A

Matter is always being created

84
Q

Summarise the Big Bang theory

A

The universe started with an explosion

85
Q

What does the steady state theory mean?

A

The universe has always and will always exist as it does now

86
Q

What 3 things are included in the steady state theory?

A
  • no beginning nor end to universe
  • density is roughly the same
  • new matter is being created as Universe expands
87
Q

What is the story to the big bang theory?

A
  • all matter occupied very small space
  • tiny space was very hot and dense
  • then it exploded
  • and started expanding
  • giving the universe a finite age
88
Q

What is the current accepted model for the origin of the Universe?

A

Big Bang Theory

89
Q

According to the Big Bang theory, what is CMB radiation?

A

Leftover energy from the explosion, proving the universe had a beginning

90
Q

Why is redshift observed for either steady state or Big Bang theory?

A

In both models objects are moving away from the observer as the Universe expands

91
Q

What is red shift in a car?

A

Noise sounds lower pitched when it’s travelling away from you because it drops in frequency (the Doppler effect)

92
Q

What do different elements absorb?

A

Different frequencies (wavelengths) of light

93
Q

What does each element produce when absorbing frequencies of light?

A

A specific pattern of dark lines at the frequencies it absorbs on the visible part of the EM spectrum

94
Q

What is wrong with the frequencies of light from distant galaxies we look at?

A

Light from distant galaxies has the same pattern but at lower frequencies

95
Q

What is red shift?

A

An observed increase in the wavelength of light coming from the galaxies and the patterns have been shifted towards the red end of the spectrum

96
Q

What does redshift measurements suggest about galaxies?

A

That all distant galaxies are moving away from us very quickly

97
Q

Do more distant galaxies have greater or lesser red shifts?

A

Greater red shifts than nearer ones showing a bigger observed increase in wavelength

98
Q

What radiation have scientists detected coming from all parts of the Universe?

A

Waves in the microwave part of the EM spectrum called CMB Radiation

99
Q

What does CMB radiation stand for?

A

Cosmic Microwave Background

100
Q

Angle of incidence =

A

Angle of reflection

101
Q

Define the angle of incidence

A

The angle between the incoming wave and the notmal

102
Q

Define the angle of reflection

A

The angle between the reflected wave and the normal

103
Q

What is the normal?

A

An imaginary line that’s perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence

104
Q

What is total internal reflection?

A

When the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle for this particular boundary between materials

105
Q

When can TIR actually happen?

A

This can only happen when the wave travels through a dense material like glass of water toward a less dense substance like air

106
Q

When light is reflected by something rough, how does the surface look?

A

Matt

107
Q

When light is reflected by something smooth, how does the surface look?

A

Clear like a mirror

108
Q

What is white light made of?

A

A mixture of all the different colours of light which have different wavelengths

109
Q

What are opaque objects?

A

Objects that do not transmit light - they absorb some wavelength and reflect others

110
Q

How much light does white reflect?

A

Reflects all wavelengths equally

111
Q

How much light does black reflect?

A

Absorb all wavelengths

112
Q

What do transparent and translucent mean?

A 
Transparent = see-through
Translucent = partially see-through
113
Q

How do colour filters work?

A

Filter out different wavelengths of light so that only certain colours (wavelengths) are transmitted and the rest are absorbed

114
Q

If you look at a blue object through a blue filter, what colour does the object appear?

A

Blue

  • blue light is reflected from the object
  • blue is transmitted by the filter slso
115
Q

If you look at a red object through a blue filter, what colour does the object appear?

A

Black

- all the light reflected by the object will be absorbed by the filter

116
Q

What relates to the power of the lens?

A

Shape and focal length

117
Q

Draw a ray diagram for converging lens

A

Arrows bend inwards in lens and then you beards when the leave the normal

118
Q

Draw a ray diagram for a diverging lens

A

Rays bend outwards in the lens and then outwards outside

119
Q

What is converging?

A

Convex

120
Q

What is diverging?

A

Concave

121
Q

What is a real image?

A

Formed when the light rays actually come together to form the image

122
Q

What is a virtual image?

A

When the light rays from the object appear to be coming from a completely different place to where they’re actually coming from

123
Q

How can a real image be captured on a screen?

A

The light rays actually meet at the place where the image seems to be eg. On the eye’s retina

124
Q

How come a virtual image can’t be captured on a screen?

A

Light rays don’t actually come together at the point where the image seems to be eg. Magnifying glasses create virtual images

125
Q

converging lens = what power?

diverging lens = what power?

A 
Converging = power is positive
Diverging = power is negative
126
Q

The curvature of a lens affects…

A

It’s power

127
Q

Define background radiation

A

Low level radiation around us all the time

128
Q

Give examples of background radiation

A

Foods, building materials, rocks, cosmic rays, nuclear explosions

129
Q

Define irradiation

A

Being exposed to radiayion

130
Q

Ways to reduce irradiation

A

lead-lined boxes, photographic film badges to record exposure, gloves, long-handled tongz

131
Q

what is an alpha particle?

A

a helium nucleus, doesn’t penetrate very far, strongly ionising, absorbed by thin paper

132
Q

What is a beta particle

A

Electrons or positrons, moderately ionising, absorbed by sheet of aluminium

133
Q

What is a gamma particle

A

EM waves with a short wavelength, weakly ionising, penetrate very far, absorbed by thick sheets of lead or concrete

134
Q

Alpha decay nuclear equation

A

4

2

135
Q

Beta minus decay nuclear equation

A

0

-1

136
Q

Beta plus / positron decay nuclear equation

A

0

1

137
Q

Neutron emission nuclear equation

A

1

0

138
Q

Do gamma rays have a nuclear equation

A

No

Mass and atomic numbers stay the same after a gamma ray has been emitted

Physics (9 decks)

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