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business unit 5 > Paper 1 : Freshwater Drainage Basin > Flashcards

Paper 1 : Freshwater Drainage Basin Flashcards

1
Q

Drainage Basin

A

An area where water supplied by precipitation is transferred to the ocean or larger stream.
- Includes all areas drained by a river.
- Divided by watersheds

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2
Q

Confluence

A

Where 2 rivers meet

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3
Q

Tributary

A

Smaller rivers join the larger river

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4
Q

Watershed

A

The area of highland forming the edge of a river basin.

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5
Q

Source

A

Where the river begins

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6
Q

Mouth

A

The the river ends / meets the sea

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7
Q

Channel

A

Where the river flows -> the drainage basin is an open system = has inputs and outputs + storage transfers

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8
Q

Precipitation

A

Any moisture that falls from the sky.

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9
Q

Interception

A

When an object stops precipitation from reaching the ground.

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10
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Water evaporating from the vegetation

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11
Q

Infiltration

A

When water travels from the surface into the ground.

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12
Q

Overland flow

A

Surface runoff

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13
Q

Evaporation

A

Surface stores + rivers turning into water vapour

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14
Q

Surface storage

A

Any water held on the surface

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15
Q

Throughflow

A

The movement of water through unsaturated ground

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16
Q

Soil moisture

A

Water stored below surface in unsaturated ground

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17
Q

Groundwater storage

A

Water stored in saturated ground

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18
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Movement of water through saturated ground

19
Q

Perlocation

A

Water travels from unsaturated ground into saturated ground

20
Q

River discharge

A

Discharge is the river that flows into the sea

21
Q

Factors that influence local hydrology

A

Amount, intensity, variability, type (snow,rain), geographical distribution

22
Q

Factors that affect evaporation

A

Temp, humidity, wind speed, vegetation, colour of surface

23
Q

Aquifers

A

Rocks that contain high amounts of water + provide a source of water, water moves slowly through permeable rock.

24
Q

Field capacity

A

The amount of water held in the soil after excess drains away

25
Q

Phreatic zone

A

Permanently saturated zone

26
Q

Cryosphere

A

66% of freshwater in high latitude+altitude regions, when it melts it becomes part of the hydrological cycle

27
Q

River discharge

A

Is the volume of water passing a given point over a set time

28
Q

River discharge equation

A

Cross sectional area x mean velocity

29
Q

River velocity

A

The speed and direction of a river (m/sec)
Measure in the centre of river.
Affected by friction = travels fastest at the centre and slower at banks + bed.

30
Q

Factors affecting velocity

A

Channel shape - measured by hydraulic radius = cross sectional area / wetted perimeter
- the higher the ratio, the more efficient the stream
Channel roughness - causes friction, slowing the water down, caused by irregularities in river bed, boulders, trees, vegetation + contact between water and the bed.
Channel gradient - slope / steepness = the steeper the gradient the faster the velocity

31
Q

River long-profile

A

Upper = steep sides, shallow river, v-shaped valley, vertical erosion
Middle = steep, deep channel, lateral erosion, gently sloping sides
Lower = deeper channel, very wide, almost flat valley, gentle, high rates if deposition

32
Q

Erosional processes:
Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic action
Solution

A

Abrasion = (corrosion) is the wearing away of the bank + bed by the carried load.
Attrition = the wearing away of the load, creating smaller particles.
Hydraulic action = the force of air + water on the sides of the river + cracks. Direct force causes pressure to drop + bubbles to form.
Solution = the removal of chemical ions (Ca) dissolving certain types of rocks

33
Q

Factors affecting erosion

A

Heavier load, fast velocity, steeper gradient, softer rock, acidic water, high rates of deforestation = increased erosion

34
Q

Transportation Processes:
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

A

Traction = movement of large boulders
Saltation = movement of smaller rocks + pebbles
Suspension = movement of silt
Solution = the minerals dissolved

35
Q

Deposition

A

Sediment dropped, carried by wind + water.
- increases at a shallower gradient = lower velocity
- increases with a lower volume of water
- increases with a increase in friction between water + channel

36
Q

Interlocking spurs (upper)

A

Projections of high land that alternate from either side of a v-shaped valley

37
Q

Waterfall (upper)

A

When a river flows overland that has two different heights + rock types.
- Softer rock erodes faster = undercutting harder rock
- Leaving an overhang = until it collapses
- Fallen rocks crash into plunge pool
- Repeated upstream leaving behind a gorge

38
Q

Meander (middle)

A

A bend in a river channel.
- Forms when water erodes the banks of the outside + sediment is deposited on the inside

39
Q

Ox-bow lake (middle)

A

The neck of the meander gets narrower,eventually cutting it off during a flood, sediment seals it off

40
Q

Floodplain (lower)

A

An area of land alongside a river prone to flooding = very fertile land due to deposition

41
Q

Levee (lower)

A

A natural / artificial wall that blocks water.
- Formed by repeated flooding (sediment)
- Used to create available land or divert a body of water

42
Q

Hydrographs

A

Shows how a river channel responds to key processes of the hydrological cycle, measures the speed at which rain falling on a drainage basin reaches the river channel
Discharge or run-off is plotted against time

43
Q

Factors affecting hydrographs

A

Channel modifications = channelisation, enlargement, straightening = increases movement of water - lowers lag times (increases carrying capacity)
Urbanisation = removal of trees = decreased evapotranspiration + interception = increased runoff (impermeable surfaces)
Removal of vege - shorter lag times, increased peak flows, flood risk, runoff and lower carrying capacity.
Vege type = winter means fewer leaves , lowers interception

business unit 5 (6 decks)

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