Paper 1 - Coasts Flashcards
What are the two types of waves
Destructive and Constructive
What are the 4 types of erosion?
Hydraulic action
Attrition
Abrasion
Solution
What are the 4 transportation processes?
Traction
Suspension
Saltation
Solution
What process transports sediment along a coast line and what drives it?
Longshore drift, the prevailing wind cause the sediment to move
What is managed retreat?
An area of controlled flooding, an area is left to flood and erode meaning that other areas of land are safe from erosion.
Identify 4 hard engineering techniques
Groynes
Gabions
Rock Armour
Sea Wall
Identify 3 soft engineering techniques
Managed retreat
Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Identify one advantage of soft engineering
It’s usually cheaper and less harmful to the environment
Identify one disadvantage of hard engineering, not cost related?
They make the coast look unnatural and ugly.
What is mass movement?
Movement of rock, soil and debris down slopes in response to the pull of gravity.
E.g. Landslide, Slumping, Rockfall
What are the two types of
coastline in terms of rock
structure?
Concordant and discordant
What is a concordant coastline?
This is where the layers of differing rock types are folded into ridges that run parallel to the coast.
What is a discordant coastline?
This is where bands of different rock types run perpendicular to the coast.
Where is Swanage?
The South East coast of Dorset, England
What is a landform?
A landform is a natural or anthropological land feature on the solid surface.
Why does deposition occur at the coast?
when the water in the sea loses velocity (slows down), and any sediment that the water is carrying (like sand or pebbles) gets dropped, as the water doesn’t have enough power to carry it anymore.
How are waves formed?
They are mostly caused by strong winds.
What is a Bar?
Starting of as a spit, longshore drift continues to occur, joining the sediment across to another area of land, forming a lagoon in the middle.
What is a Beach?
A build up of sand/sediment on the coastline
What is Beach reprofiling?
Uses existing sediment from the beach to artificially reshape the beach after destructive waves have removed sand and shingle.
What is a Cliff?
A rocky, usually high area of land which comes to and abrupt end.
What is dune regeneration?
The action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation to strengthen dunes and prevent excessive coastal retreat.
What is Erosion?
The waring away of land
What is a Headland?
A point of high land that juts out into the sea, made of hard rock.
What is a Bay?
A Broad coastal inlet, often having a beach, made out of soft rock.
Describe the swash and backwash of a constructive wave
Strong Swash and Weak Backwash
Describe the swash and backwash of a destructive wave
Weak Swash and Strong Backwash
What is Mechanical Weathering?
The disintegration of rocks without any chemical change.
The two types are Freeze Thaw Weathering and Exfoliation.
What is Chemical Weathering?
As rain falls it dissolves up Carbon di-oxide to a weak acid.
What is Biological Weathering?
It’s caused by the movements of plants and animals.
E,g. Plant roots growing into the rock or Animals such as rabbits, burrowing down cracks in the rock.
What is weathering?
The breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of Earth.
