Paper 1 - CLA - How Do Children Learn Language - Literacy

Question 1

What is a pivot schema and who coined the idea

Answer 1

Braine (1963) identified a pivot schema as using pivot words combined with a range of other words

Question 2

Name the 5 stages of development

Answer 2

Non verbal , Holophrastic, two word, telegraphic, post telegraphic

Question 3

Name 3 phonemes from the early 8 and when they develop

Answer 3

Any 3 of m, b, y, n, w, d, p, h

Approx 1-3 years

Question 4

Name any 3 of the middle 8 phonemes and when they develop

Answer 4

Any 3 of t, ng (running), k, g, f, v, ch, j

Approx 3-6 and a half years

Question 5

Name any 3 of the late 8 phonemes and what age these develop

Answer 5

Any 3 of sh, quiet th, loud th, s , r, z, l (like)

Approx 5-7 and a half years

Question 6

name all 6 of the phonological simplification

Answer 6

Reduplication, diminutives, substitution, assimilation, deletion of unstressed syllables, consonant cluster reduction

Question 7

Two reasons for order of development of phonology

Answer 7

Articulatory ease
Perceptual discriminability- how easy sounds can be heard

Question 8

Define reduplication

Answer 8

Repeat vowel sounds - moo moo, baa baa

Question 9

Define diminutives

Answer 9

Reduction of scale - usually addition of a suffix to make a work easier to pronounce e.g. doggies,
Mummy

Question 10

Define substitution

Answer 10

Swapping a difficult sound for an easier one (wabbit)

Question 11

Define assimilation

Answer 11

One consonant or vowel or swapped for another or Consonant sounds influenced by others in a word (goggie, babbit)

Question 12

Define deletion

Answer 12

Simplifying words by getting rid of certain sounds - banana goes to nana

Question 13

Define consonant cluster reduction

Answer 13

when a child simplifies a cluster of consonant sounds into a single sound or a more manageable combination of sounds. (e.g. “poon” for “spoon”, “tuck” for “truck”).

Question 14

What’s the “fis phenomenon” and who came up with this and what does it prove

Answer 14

(Berko and brown) a child called his pet toy a fis. When asked “is this your fis?” he said no but when asked “is this your fish” he said yes. - this proves that children’s perceptive abilities are better than their articulatory ability.

Question 15

What percentage in Nelson’s study of first words were nouns

Answer 15

68%

Question 16

What words had the second highest prevalence in Nelson’s studies

Answer 16

Social words - pragmatic ( hello, goodbye)

Question 17

Semantic fields saxton - name the top 5 most common semantic fields for first words

Answer 17

Food and drink, family, animals, parts of the body, clothing

Question 18

Semantics - how children develop semantic understanding (Eve and Clark) - explain this concept

Answer 18

Child acquired a word - tested out and finding limits of meaning

Achieved by overextension and under extension - shows an innate ability to understand language

Question 19

Name the 3 stages and some features of Jean Aitchisons revised innateness theory

Answer 19

1. Labelling - associating sounds with objects, linking words to things, understanding labelling
2. Packaging - starting to explore the extent of the label (over and under-extension)
3. Network building - making connections between the labels they’ve developed, understanding antonyms and other semantic relationship and contrasts

Question 20

What does adding inflections and pluralising show? E.g. boats

Answer 20

An innate ability to apply inflexions and understanding tenses by morphology

Question 21

Explain Jean berkes wug test

Answer 21

Kids show a singular wug - pseudo word kids haven’t heard before

Another wug is introduced, majority of kids say there were two wugs (76%) - they applied grammatical patterns like nouns creating the plural “wugs”

Supports Chomsky’s innateness theory as this was innate not imitation

Question 22

Define virtuous error

Answer 22

Overextending a correct grammar rule - e.g. foots instead of feet - wrong - feet is an irregular plural noun

Question 23

Define bound and free morpheme and morpheme

Answer 23

Morpheme - smallest unit in language that has meaning - base word e.g. woman

Free morpheme - doesn’t need other parts of a word to make sense

Bound morpheme - doesn’t make sense without other parts of a word

Question 24

Explain some features of the 5 stages in browns list - grammatical development

Answer 24

Stage 1 (15-30 months) - no bound morphemes, word order generally correct

Stage 2 (28-36 months) - Bound morphemes appear, present progressive tense with ‘ing’ suffix, regular ‘s’ plural appear

Stage 3 (36-42 months) - possessives appear, adjectives and adverbs appear, articles ‘the’ and ‘a’

Stage 4 ( 40-46 months) - regular past tense with ‘Ed’ inflection

Stage 5 (42-53 months) - compound sentences that are joined

Question 25

Describe the 3 stages of Bellugis pronoun acquisition

Answer 25

Stage 1 - no use of pronoun - uses nouns e.g. (mathew do it) Stage 2 - uses pronouns but confused object and subject e.g. me and I (me no like it) Stage 3 - uses pronouns correctly

Question 26

Many tenses and aspects including passive voice and continuous forms depend on the use of what type of verb?

Answer 26

Auxiliary e.g. you’ll be in trouble (will) - simple past tense We were walking (were) - past continuous tense Hence why tenses and aspects occur past telegraphic stage

Question 27

Name some negative acquisition techniques stages

Answer 27

1) adding negative word first - no like book 2) negative word in middle - me not going 3) attaching an auxiliary verb or copula verb - I am not happy (am)

Question 28

Name some techniques for question formation

Answer 28

1) use of rising intonation - single then multiple words overtime (bedtime?) 2) inversion of auxiliary verbs (are you coming) as opposed to ( you are coming) 3) formulaic “wh” questions (what was that?) - this combined with reverse auxiliaries are the most complex questions - ‘where are you going?’ 4) use of tag questions (isn’t she?)

Question 29

Pragmatics and discourse - name Hallidays 7 functions of speech

Answer 29

Instrumental - to express needs e.g. want toy Regulatory - to tell others what to do Interactional - to make contact and form relationships with others Personal - to express feelings, opinions and individual identity Heuristic - to gain knowledge about the environment Imaginative - to tell stories and jokes and to create an imaginary environment Representational - to convey facts and info

Question 30

3 key features of cds

Answer 30

Mitigated imperatives - (imperatives masked as questions - shall we go for a walk then?) Higher or medlodic pitch More frequent or longer pauses Recasts - caregivers repeats child’s utterance but a correct version of it Expansion - the caregiver may expand upon what the childs utterance Use of diminutives - e.g. doggie Slower and clearer speech with less grammatically complex sentences Uses nouns rather than pronouns - mummy’s going here Plural pronouns not singular - we are Re framing the child’s questions Exaggerated pauses

Question 31

What are some benefits of play and which theorist is this

Answer 31

Garvey and Tripp Vocab growth when pretending Needs greater collaboration Learn from each other in absense of caregivers Experiment with language in new and unfamiliar ways

Question 32

Name some use of questions in CDS (methods)

Answer 32

Use of tag questions Use of slot filling Use of known answer questions Numerous yes/no questions