paper 1- C - attachment

Question 1

attachment meaning?

Answer 1

an emotional relationship between two people characterised by proximity seeking and resulting in the feeling of security in the presence of each other

Question 2

proximity meaning?

Answer 2

physical closeness

Question 3

secure- base behaviour meaning?

Answer 3

even if independent infants will regularly return to their attachment figure

Question 4

separation anxiety meaning?

Answer 4

visible distress when an attachment figure leaves

Question 5

What is reciprocity?

Answer 5

when an infant/caregiver respond to eachother’s actions/words
= turn taking behaviour

Question 6

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 6

= when the infant and caregiver are in sync
=they follow the same patterns of interaction
=mirroring eachother

Answer 7

= they observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants from 2 weeks
=an adult displayed 1 of 3 expression/gesture
=the childs response was filmed and observed
=they found that there was a link between the adults expression/gesture and the babies response

Question 8

Isabella et al experiment?

Answer 8

=observed 30 mothers and infants and assessed their synchrony
=also assessed the attachment between the infant and mother
=high levels of synchrony was seen between the better attached mother and infants

Question 9

Parent - infant attachment experiment? Emerson and shaffer results?

Answer 9

• infants do normally form attachments to their mothers first
  -after this within a few weeks/months they would form a secondary attachment
  -

Question 10

Emerson and Schaffers stages of attachment experiment?

Answer 10

aim= investigate formation of attachments in particular the age they were formed and with who and the emotional intensity

method= studied 60 babies, all from Glasgow working class families.
=babies visited in their homes every month for a year and then at 18months
=the mothers kept diarys on their child’s behaviours to look at how they were when left and doing normal activities

findings = between 25-32 weeks 50% of babies showed signs of seperation anxiety
=attachments were mainly to people that cared for the baby the best and responded to their needs and not who spent the most time with them

Question 11

What are Emerson and Shaffers stages of attachment?

Answer 11

1.asocial stage
2.indiscriminate attachment
3.specific attachment
4.multiple attachments

Question 12

What happens in the asocial stage of emerson and shaffers stages?

Answer 12

=behaviour to human and non human objects are similar
=babies happy in the presence of humans
=show preference to familiar adults

Question 13

Whats the indiscriminate attachment stage in emerson and shaffers stages?

Answer 13

=2-7 months
=prefer people of inanimate objects
=recognise and prefer familiar adults
=accept comfort from any adult
=dont show stranger anxiety

Question 14

Whats the specific attachment stage in emerson and shaffers stages?

Answer 14

=from around 7 months
=start to show stranger anxiety
=and separation anxiety
=forms a specific attachment (primary attachment figure)
=this is a person who responds to the babys signals

Question 15

whats the multiple attachment stage in emerson and shaffer stages?

Answer 15

=start to form secondary attachments to multiple people
=29% of babies for secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment

Question 16

Evaluation for emerson and shaffer attachment stages?

Answer 16

STRENGTH= good external validity
=carried out in the babies homes and most observations where done by the parents during normal activities
=this means the babies would not change their behaviour

WEAKNESS= limited sample characteristics
=there were 60 babies observed
=however, they were all from the same district and class and was 50 years ago
=material cannot be generalised

WEAKNESS= problem observing asocial stage
=babies at this stage have poor co-ordination and mobility so they are immobile
=this means there is not much observable behaviour

STRENGTH= study carried out longitudinally
=this means the same participants are observed every time
=has good internal validity

Question 17

definition of primary caregiver?

Answer 17

spends the most time with the baby

Question 18

definition of primary attachment figure?

Answer 18

baby has the strongest attachment to them

Question 19

What did Emerson and Shaffer discover for role of the father?

Answer 19

-most babies formed their first attachment to their mother
-after a few weeks/months the baby would then form secondary attachment like with their father
-75% of babies had formed an attachment to their father by 18 months
-29% of infants formed secondary attachments by 10/11 months

Question 20

What was Grossmans investigation in the role of the father? and findings?

Answer 20

method
-carried out a longitudinal study
-looked into the behaviour of the parent and how that related to their attachment in teens

FINDINGS
-the quality of the attachment with the mum related to their attachments later on in life but the fathers did not
-the amount the father would play with the infant did impact their attachments
later on

Question 21

What dis Field discover involving the role of the father?

Answer 21

PROCEDURE
-fathers can adapt to be the main caregiver
-they can adapt behaviours that are associated with mothers
-she filmed 4 month old babies having face-to-face interactions with primary caregiver mothers and fathers and secondary attachment fathers

FINDINGS
-primary fathers spent more time smiling’s and holding the infant than the secondary fathers
-shows that attachments are based on gender but responsiveness

Question 22

Rohner and venesiano investigation relating to the role of the father?

Answer 22

-looked into attachments with fathers
-found that mother love and father love are equally important
-father love is important for social competence and academic achievement

Question 23

Geiger investigation on role of the father?

Answer 23

-mother attachment was more nurturing
-fathers attachment focused more on play
-mother and father provide the infant different things and one cannot replace the other

Question 24

Verissimo et al investigation on the role of the father?

Answer 24

-the father cannot just be present he needs to be a good father
-the quality of the attachment is important
-he studied 35 families
-if the attachment was of a good quality there was a positive correlation with the amount of friends made at pre-school

Question 25

Gottman investigation on role of the father?

Answer 25

-looked at daughters of heterosexual and homosexual couples (lesbian)
-there were no major differences between them involving social adjustment or orientation even with a lack of a father figure

Question 26

imprinting meaning?

Answer 26

when an animal thinks the first moving thing is their mother so follows it

Question 27

critical period for lorenz?

Answer 27

-imprinting had to happen in a certain amount of time or it wouldn’t happen
-he believed it mainly happened in the first 13-16 hrs and the cut off was after 32 hrs

Question 28

evaluation of the role of the father?

Answer 28

WEAKNESS- inconsistent studies
=all researchers are interested in different areas
-this can cause confusion as they dont lead all to the same thing

WEAKNESS-children without a father are not different
=grossman
=he found fathers have an important role and are secondary attachments
=gottman
-found that children without a father have no differences
-suggests the father role isnt important

Question 29

Whats the investigation done by Lorenz on imprinting?

Answer 29

PROCEDURE
-used a classic experiment
-randomly split the goose eggs up
-half the eggs hatched with the mother in a natural environment
-the other half hatched in an incubator first seeing Lorenz

FINDINGS
-lorenz group followed him after hatching and the control group followed the mother
-when all the geese where mixed they still separated and followed either lorenz or the mother

=the geese imprinted so were following who they thought was their mother so that they survived

Question 30

evaluation of Lorenz investigation?

Answer 30

STRENGTH= practical application
=can be applied to animals and demonstrates how attachments are formed

WEAKNESS= cannot be generalised
=birds cannot be generalised to humans as we are different species, mammal attachments are different to birds
=mammal mothers show more emotional attachments to their infant than birds
=cannot be generalised to humans

WEAKNESS= some of lorenz observations have been questioned
=imprinting may not be permanent
=Guition imprinted birds to washing up gloves and they did try to mate with them but later on changed to prefer other birds

Question 31

Harlow’s investigation on animal studies?

Answer 31

METHOD
-reared 16 monkeys with 2 wired mothers
-in one condition milk was dispensed by the wire model and the other condition milk was dispensed by the cloth covered wire mother

FINDINGS
=babies cuddled cloth mothers over wired ones
=found comfort off the cloth one when frightened even if it didn’t dispense milk
=found that comfort wad more important than food

Question 32

In Harlows experiment on the monkeys what happened in adulthood?

Answer 32

they were maternally deprived
=this lead to severe consequences
=more aggressive, less sociable and bred less
=as mothers they attacked their children and sometimes killed them

Question 33

What did Harlow think of the critical period?

Answer 33

=90 days
=after this attachment wasn’t possible

Question 34

Evaluation of Harlows research?

Answer 34

STRENGTH
=PRACTICAL APPLICATION
-shown social workers risk factors of neglected children so they will intervene and prevent it

WEAKNESS
=ETHICAL ISSUES
-the monketys used were impacted largely
-harlow was well aware of the harm he caused
-knew it would torture them

WEAKNESS
=CANNOT BE GENERALISED
-based off monkeys not humans so may be slight differences

Question 35

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 35

learning through association

Question 36

how is classical conditioning used to form attachments?

Answer 36

-the baby is given an unconditioned stimuli (food)
-the baby then displays an unconditioned response (being happy from being fed)
-the caregiver is a neutral stimuli giving the food
-the baby will start to associate the caregiver with the food and making them a conditioned stimuli
-this leads to pleasure a conditioned response

Question 37

whats operant conditioning?

Answer 37

learning through punishment and rewards

Question 38

how are attachments formed through positive reinforcement?

Answer 38

1. baby cries for attention
   2.caregiver feeds the baby as its crying
2. baby learns to cry to get food
   =attachment happens as the baby relies on the caregiver for food which is a reward

Question 39

how are attachments formed through negative reinforcement?

Answer 39

1.caregiver knows to stop the baby crying they should feed it
=attachment formed through ‘cupboard love’ attachment is based on providing food

Question 40

Evaluation of the Learning theory?

Answer 40

WEAKNESS= HARLOW STDUDY
=not all infants will imprint on those who feed them
=monkeys attached to the mother that gave them comfort not food
=food doesnt form attachments

WEAKNESS- SCHAFFER AND EMERSON
-feeding isnt important
-they saw that babies attached to their mother first even though others mainly fed the baby

WEAKNESS -IGNORES OTHER FACTORS
=attachment is associated with reciprocity and interactional synchrony
=best attachments are with sensitive parents
=attachment is based on food

Question 41

Why did Bowlby reject the idea of the learning theory for attachments?

Answer 41

as he he said that a baby should be attached to who feeds them then however this is not the case

Question 42

Whats Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Answer 42

that attachment is an innate system that provides survival advantages
= imprinting on a caregiver provides the infant with protection

Question 43

What are the stages of Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Answer 43

1. adaptative
2. social releasers
   3.critical period
   4.monotropy
   4.internal working model

Question 44

What is the monotropy stage in Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Answer 44

this is when the infant forms an important attachments with one primary caregiver that is stronger than other attachments
=this was developed by spending time with each other

Question 45

Whats Bowlby’s law of continuity?

Answer 45

the more consistent and predictable a child’s care is the better the quality of the attachment

Question 46

What’s Bowlby’s law of accumulated separation?

Answer 46

the effects of each separation from the mother add up

Question 47

What is the stage of social releasers in Bowlby’s theory mean?

Answer 47

= he believed babies are born with cute features (smiling, cooing, big eyes ) these get the attention of adults
=they are used to make the adult feel attached to the baby
= both adults and babies are innate to forming attachments social releasers encourage this

Question 48

What is the critical period in Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Question 49

What is the internal working model in Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Answer 49

• children use their relationship with their caregiver as a model for future relationships
  -people also raise their children/parent how they were treated by their parents

Question 50

Evaluation of Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment?

Answer 50

Weakness - Schaffer and Emerson
= they did find that infants do form one attachment
=however they found a minority that could form multiple attachments at the same time as their first

Strength- internal working model Bailey etal
=looked at 99 mothers with one year old babies
=looked at the mothers attachments to their mothers with an interview
=they then used observation to look at the attachment of the mother and baby
=mothers who had poor attachments with their mother were more likely to have poor attachments with their baby

weakness- monotropy is socially sensitive
=mothers may want to go back however they have been told that any separation from their child could cause issues to their child this could push mothers into a lifestyle of not returning to work

Question 51

meaning of maternal deprivation?

Answer 51

the emotional and intellectual issues that appear from separation of the mother and infant

Question 52

What was Bowlby’s quote on his maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 52

“mother-love in infancy and childhood is as important as for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health”

Question 53

what’s separation in Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 53

= when the infant is away from the caregiver this doesn’t cause issues unless they are deprived of care

Question 54

whats Bowlby;s critical period in his maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 54

=he believed that the first 30 months of life were the critical period
=psychological damage would happen if the baby was separated from the cargiver and care

Question 55

how did Bowlby think maternal deprivation affects an infant intellectually?

Answer 55

=delayed intellectual development
=low IQ

Question 56

how did Bowlby think maternal deprivation affects infants emotionally?

Answer 56

=could become an affectionless psychopath
=they do not feel guilt for others and lack empathy for others feelings
=lack remorse for their actions
=more likely to be a criminal

Question 57

What is Bowlby’s 44 thieves experiment?

Answer 57

PROCEDURE
-studied 44 teenage criminals accused of stealing
-interviewed to see of they had a lack of guilt for what they did and lack of empathy for their victims
-families also interviewed to see if they had prolonger separation from caregiver
-their results were compared to a control group of non-criminals but they were emotionally disturbed

FINDINGS
-14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths
-12/14 had experiences prolonged separation from their mothers in the first two years of life
=prolonged separation caused affectionless psychopaths

Question 58

what did Bowlby believe about evolution of babies for attachments?

Answer 58

=infants are innate to form attachments
=infants that don’t attach will have implications when they are older

Question 59

whats the Genie Wiley feral child case study?

Answer 59

=she was unable to speak/function in society
=she was shielded from the world
=she slept in a crib with wires
=she looked 6 at 14
=she was not allowed to cry

Question 60

what is the koluchova twins case study?

Answer 60

=kept in a basement isolated
=5 years in the basement only had each other
=1967 the father took one of the twins to the doctor so he didn’t have to attend school
=doctor saw he looked 3 but was 7 and lacked speech
=they were taken off parents abd placed in a new home

Question 61

whats the adaptation stage in Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 61

=species has an adaptive advantage making us likely to survive as if infants have an attachment they are fed and kept safe and warm

Question 62

Evaluation of Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 62

weakness- poor sample
=his sample size was small and hand picked by him so could have researcher bias
=they were also ww2 children that could have caused them development issues and not separation

srength
=high internal validity as Bowlby did the research himself it stuck by what the aim of the study was

strength
application to real life
hospitals in 1950 only 25% allowed daily visits as apparently is caused the child to become distressed