Paper 1 Flashcards
topics 1,2,3,4,5
define aqueous?
dissolved in water
what are the chemical formulas for these common molecules? Water ammonia carbon dioxide hydrogen chlorine oxygen
water - H2O ammonia - NH3 carbon dioxide - CO2 hydrogen - H2 chlorine - Cl2 oxygen - O2
what are the chemical formulas for these common ions? ammonium hydroxide nitrate carbonate sulfate
ammonium - NH4+ hydroxide - OH- nitrate - NO3- carbonate - CO32- sulfate - SO42-
define hazard and risk?
hazard - anything that has the potential to cause damage or harm
risk - is the probability of something/someone being harmed when they are exposed to the hazard
guess these hazard symbols from a description:
ball with fire on top
dead fish and tree on land
skull and crossbones
exclamation point
fire above a line
test tubes with hand and stick with lines coming out
oxidizing environmental hazard toxic harmful highly flammable corrosive
what are the hazards of reacting a solution of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid to for a metal salt and water and how they can reduce the risk of these hazards?
- sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are harmful at low concentrations and corrosive at high
- harmful substances cause blistering/reddening of the skin
- corrosive substances are much more dangerous if they come into contact with your skin or eyes
- reduce the risks by using low concentrations
- wear goggles, lab coat and gloves
what did john dalton say about the atom at the start of the 19th century?
solid spheres and different spheres make the different elements
what did J.J Thompson say about the atom in 1897?
PLUM PUDDING MODEL
atoms weren’t solid spheres
measurements of charge and mass showed an tom contained small, negative charged particles - electrons
in 1909 what did Ernest Rutherford and his students hans geiger and ernest marsden discover about the atom?
they conducted the gold foil experiment where they fired positively charged alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold
from plum pudding they expected particles to go through or be slightly deflected so positive charge of particle was spread through pudding
but most particles went through with a few deflecting massively so plum pudding wrong
nuclear atom theory - positive nucleus surrounded by cloud of electrons, most of atom empty space
what was Niels Bohr’s model of the atom?
if electrons were in a cloud around the nucleus like rutherford said they would be attracted to it and cause the atom to collapse
therefore he said that the electrons were contained in shells
each shell has a fixed energy
charge and mass of a proton, neutron and electron?
particle charge mass
neutron 0 1
proton +1 1
electron -1 0.0005
explain what is meant by the term relative atomic mass?
the average mass of an atom compared to carbon
a sample of boron contains 19.7% of boron -10 and 80.3% of boron -11 calculate the relative atomic mass of boron?
(10x0.197) + (11x0.803) = 10.803
how do you calculate the relative atomic mass of an element from its isotopic abundance?
multiply each relative isotopic mass by its isotopic abundance and add up the results
divide by the sum of the abundances
boron has two isotopes boron - 10 and -11 given that the relative abundances are 4 and 16 work out the relative atomic mass?
(10x4) + (11x16) = 216
216 divided by (16+4) = 10.8
