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Public Health > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which data may be used to evaluate medical performance?

a) Medical records
b) Administrative data
c) Mortality
d) Morbidity
e) No data may be used

A

ABCD

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2
Q

Since the approval of the affordable care act,

a) There are no longer uninsured people
b) More young adults are covered
c) Less people are covered by Medicare
d) The uninsured have increased
e) None of them

A

B

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3
Q

In Italy, diphtheria is

a) Endemic
b) Epidemic
c) Under control
d) Sporadic
e) Virtually eliminated

A

E

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4
Q

Which (one or more) of the following study designs is/are experimental?

a) Randomized controlled trial
b) Cohort study
c) Case-control study
d) Intervention study
e) Ecological study

A

A, D

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5
Q

Those who work, particularly young and healthy people sustain those who are unhealthy, the unemployed, the oldest (retired), because they contribute more and generally use less”. This is the definition of…

a) Equity
b) Affordability
c) Sustainability
d) Solidarity
e) Responsiveness

A

D

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6
Q

Which are the dimensions of quality?

a) Effectiveness
b) Access
c) Equity
d) Safety
e) Timeless

A

ABCDE

(!) or, alternatively: efficiency; appropriateness; acceptability.

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7
Q

Which of the following statements on hepatitis B prevention are true?
a) Babies born to HBsAg+ mothers receive at birth HBIG plus vaccine
b) Hepatitis B vaccination is mandatory for diabetic patients
c) To prevent vertical/perinatal transmission, pregnant women are treated with interferon and
ribavirin
d) Hepatitis B vaccine is a VLP (virus-like particles) vaccine
e) Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for health care workers

A

A,E

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8
Q

Which among the following is/are component(s) of an inconsistent triad according to Richard Smith?

a) Quality of care
b) Accountability
c) Effectiveness
d) Efficacy
e) Comprehensiveness

A

A,E

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9
Q

Which factors may influence clinical practice?

a) Institutional context
b) Work environment
c) Team factors
d) Task factors
e) Patient characteristics

A

A, B, C, D, E

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10
Q

Why an health organization would like to reach a certification of accreditation?

a) To improve quality of care
b) To improve safe care
c) For continuous improvement
d) For external recognition
e) To earn more money

A

ABCD

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11
Q

According to OECD statistics, Italy ranks for life expectancy at birth…

a) No. 1
b) No. 2
c) No. 3
d) No. 4
e) No. 5

A

E

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12
Q

The methodology of secondary prevention includes… a) Physical rehabilitation

b) Selective screening
c) Environmental interventions
d) Eugenics
e) Immunization

A

B

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13
Q

The concept of micropolytoxicity can be applied to… a) Infectious diseases

b) Cancer and diabetes
c) Occupational diseases
d) Chronic diseases
e) Sexually transmitted diseases

A

B, D

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14
Q

The control of an infectious disease aims to…

a) Protection of the single individual
b) Significant and well-established reduction of cases in the community
c) Reduction of prevalence of a disease in a defined area to zero
d) Permanent reduction of worldwide prevalence to zero
e) Reduction of the mortality in the community

A

B

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15
Q

Candida albicans bloodstream infection…

a) Has an endogenous acquisition
b) Occurred mainly in patients submitted to abdominal surgery
c) Is mostly a consequence of GI colonization
d) Is mostly resistant to azole antifungals
e) Occurred mainly during building activities in the hospitals

A

A,B,C

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16
Q

Which (one or more) of the following types of errors in a study result is/are systematic error(s)?

a) Recall bias
b) Confounding
c) Random error
d) Measurement bias
e) Information bias

A

ABDE

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17
Q

The eradication of an infectious disease aims to…

a) Protection of the single individual
b) Significant and well-established reduction of cases in the community
c) Reduction of prevalence of a disease in a defined area to zero
d) Permanent reduction of worldwide prevalence to zero
e) Reduction of the mortality in the community

A

D

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18
Q

Which of the following is/are a definition of incidence rate?
a) The number of healthy people at the beginning of the study / the number of people with the
disease at the — of the study
b) Part of a population with a specific disease at a given point in time
c) The number of people that become sick during a period of time d) The velocity at which persons become sick
e) Number of new cases divided by the sum of the persons’ risk time in the population

A

D,E

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19
Q

How is odds calculated (p = probability)?

a) 1/p
b) p/1
c) (1-p)/1
d) 1/(1-p)
e) p/(1-p)

A

E

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20
Q

Using a common bag of saline or a shared medication vial for more than one patient may result in transmission of pathogens, such as hepatitis C virus, in case of accessing the bag/vial

a) with a syringe and needle that has already been used to administer medication to a patient
b) with a syringe reused and needle replaced
c) with a new syringe replaced and new needle
d) with a syringe that has already been used to administer medication to a patient
e) never use a common bag of saline or a shared medication vial

A

A,B,D

21
Q

According to the Theory of Stages of Change, when a patient using cocaine says that he knows he has a problem but he does not know how to face his problem of addiction, he is in the stage of…

a) Precontemplation
b) Contemplation
c) Determination (preparation to an action)
d) Action
e) Maintenance

A

B

22
Q

Which are the main purposes and uses of public health surveillance?
a) To analyze data
b) To detect sudden increases in disease occurrence and follow long-term trends and pattern of
disease
c) To collect data
d) To evaluate prevention and control programme
e) To define public health priorities

A

B, D, E

23
Q

Which of the following sentences can be best applied to “case definition”?

a) Case definition should be specific but not sensitive b) Case definition should be sensitive but not specific
c) Case definition must be clearly defined
d) Case definition must be simple, understandable, and practical e) Case definition cannot change over time

A

C, D

24
Q

Which of the following pathogens act as direct carcinogens?

a) Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epseint-Barr virus (EBV)
b) Helicobacter pylori and HPV
c) HTLV-1 and HHV-8
d) HBV and HCV
e) Schistosoma hematobium and HIV-1

A

A,C

25
Q

The WHO Comprehensive Approach to cervical cancer prevention and control includes…

a) Sexuality education tailored to age and culture for girls and boys (primary prevention)
b) Screening and treatment as needed (secondary prevention)
c) HPV testing for high risk HPV types (for women > 30 y/o; secondary prevention)
d) HPV vaccination for girls 9-13 y/o (primary prevention)
e) Treatment of invasive cancer at any age (tertiary prevention)

A

ABCDE

26
Q

What are “dividends”?

a) A running cost
b) A risk
c) A portion of profit distributed to the shareholders
d) A revenue
e) An asset

A

C

27
Q

Considering phase 2 reactions, indicate the reaction that is not in this group

a) Conjugation with glutathione
b) Acetylation
c) Conjugation with glucoronic acid
d) Methylation
e) Oxidation

A

E

28
Q

Only one of the following is true:

a) With a flexible management of wards, virtually all the beds are occupied
b) With a traditional management of wards virtually all the beds are occupied
c) With a flexible management of wards the quality is higher
d) With a traditional management of wards the quality is higher
e) None of the others

A

A

29
Q

In the dose-response relationship, what is the parameter on the y-axis?

a) Cumulative frequency
b) Intensity of the toxic effect
c) LD50
d) NOAEL
e) Dose

A

A

30
Q

To optimize resource utilization means…

a) To reduce costs
b) To save money
c) To fire people
d) To increase production
e) To manage resources with virtually no waste

A

E

31
Q

Why do citizens co-pay health services (like outpatient)?

a) To increase taxes
b) To reduce costs
c) To standardize processes
d) To guarantee equity
e) To avoid an infinite demand

A

E

32
Q

Considering the toxicity descriptor LD50, what, among the following statements, is correct?
a) Higher LD50 are associated with higher toxicity
b) Lower LD50 are associated with higher toxicity
c) It is not possible using LD50 to compare the toxicity of different chemicals
d) LD50 can be used to derive occupational limit values
e) To derive occupational limit values LD50 must be associated with No Observable Adverse
Effect Levels (NOAEL)

A

B

33
Q

Agricultural medicine is
a) Veterinary medicine to farm animals
b) Health professionals working separately
c) Home remedies and potions
d) Various health and rural professional working collaboratively to improve health and well of the
agricultural population
e) Health care provision in rural areas

A

D

34
Q

According to the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) “Ergonomics (or human factors)” is defined as
a) The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and
other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and
methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance
b) The study of the physical load on the human body when performing activities like work, sports,
jobs at home or dealing with products
c) The discipline of making human-system interaction compatible with human cognitive abilities
and limitations, particularly at work. The practical aim is to improve work conditions and human
performance, as well as safety and health, and to avoid human error and unnecessary load
and stress
d) The study of the working process for the optimization of socio-technical systems, including their
organizational structures, policies, and processes
e) None of the previous is correct

A

A

35
Q

Which is/are the ergonomics goals?
a) Working life quality and health and safety improvement
b) Workers health and safety improvement only
c) Process efficiency, workers’ health and safety, production quality, workers’ working life
improvement
d) Process efficiency, production quality, and workers’ health and safety
e) Process efficiency and production quality

A

C

36
Q

A risk-based occupational limit value is

a) An occupational limit that implies and acceptance of a residual risk for exposure workers
b) An occupational limit aimed to protect the health of all workers c) An occupational limit associated with a tolerable risk
d) An occupational limit associated with an acceptable risk
e) A health-based limit value

A

A

37
Q

Which of the following statements is not true for pesticides?

a) They are biologically active
b) They are deliberately spread into the environment
c) They are selective only for target organisms
d) They can affect occupationally exposed workers
e) They can affect the general population

A

C

38
Q

Which one of the following changes cannot be defined as an epigenetic modification?

a) DNA methylation
b) Histone methylation
c) Histone acetylation
d) Chromosomal translocation
e) All of the above

A

D

39
Q

Which one out of these diseases shows a higher incidence among agricultural workers compared to the general population?

a) Lung cancer
b) Liver cancer
c) Cardiovascular diseases
d) Skin cancer
e) All the above answers are true

A

D

40
Q

What is the shift pattern that interferes less with the biological rhythms and sleep?

a) Rapid rotation phase delay
b) Rapid rotation phase advance
c) Slow rotation in phase delay
d) Slow rotation in phase advance
e) Fixed night shift

A

A

41
Q

Which is the particulate matter’s dimension most relevant to health effects in humans?

a) PM30
b) PM2.5
c) PM10
d) Any dimension
e) No adverse health effects have been demonstrated in humans

A

B

42
Q

The night work is a risk factor for

a) Ischemic heart disease
b) Peptic ulcer
c) Metabolic syndrome
d) Breast tumors
e) All previous

A

ABCD

43
Q

In the forthcoming ICD11 it will be specifically introduced

a) A new classification of tumors
b) A new classification of infectious diseases
c) The linearization of occupational diseases (agents vs related diseases and vice versa)
d) All of the above are true
e) All of the above are false

A

C

44
Q

In cancer cells it is frequently observed

a) Global hypermethylation of the genome
b) Hypermethylation of Alu and LINE repetitive elements
c) Global hypomethylation and hypo/hypermethylation of specific CpGs
d) Global hypermethylation and hypermethylation of specific CpGs e) All of the above

A

C

45
Q

In people with past exposure to asbestos, pleural plaques represent

a) Early phase of pleural mesothelioma development b) Signs of past exposure to asbestos fibers
c) Radiological images of asbestos fibers
d) Asbestos bodies
e) Typical signs of asbestosis

A

B

46
Q

In the new ILO list of occupational diseases has been for the first time introduced as occupational disorder…

a) Malaria
b) Noise induced hearing loss
c) Post traumatic stress disorder
d) Burn out
e) Retro bulbar neuropathy due to methanol

A

C

47
Q

What safe limit of exposure to pesticide is specifically addressed at occupational exposure

a) Acute Reference Dose (ARfD)
b) Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (AOEL)
c) Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

A

B

48
Q

Tobacco smoking

a) Acts independently from asbestos fibers in increasing the lung cancer risks
b) Interacts with asbestos fibers in causing mesothelioma
c) Multiplies the lung cancer risk in people exposed to asbestos fibers
d) Does not affect the risk from respiratory cancers in asbestos exposed workers
e) Protects asbestos exposed from mesothelioma development people

A

C

49
Q

The mortality rate for US physicians is lower than the non-physician population, except higher rates for…

a) Stroke
b) Ischemic heart disease
c) Suicide
d) Diabetes
e) Alzheimer disease

A

C

Public Health (4 decks)

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