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radiology > Panoramic anatomy and Errors > Flashcards

Panoramic anatomy and Errors Flashcards

1
Q

the red line outlines what part of the mandible?

A

Posterior border of the ramus of the mandible

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2
Q

The green outlines what part of the mandible?

A

the inferior border of the mandible

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3
Q

the yellow outlines what part of the mandible

A

angle of the mandible

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4
Q

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Articular eminence

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5
Q
A

condyle

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6
Q
A

glenoid fossa

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7
Q

Can the articular disk be visualized in a panoramic image?

A

No, the articular disk is not visualized in a panoramic image because it is a soft tissue structure.

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8
Q

the green outlines…

A

Floor of the maxillary sinus

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9
Q

the pink outlines…

A

Posterior wall of the maxillary sinus

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10
Q

what is 1?

A

zygomatic process of the maxilla

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11
Q

what is 2?

A

zygoma

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12
Q

what is 3?

A

zygomatic arch

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13
Q

what is circled?

A

pterygomaxillary fissue

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14
Q
A

maxillary tuberosity

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15
Q

what is 1?

A

nasal septum

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16
Q

what is 2?

A

inferior turbinate

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17
Q

what is 3?

A

floor of orbit

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18
Q

what does the BLACK line outline?

A

maxillary sinus

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19
Q

what does the WHITE line outline?

A

zygomatic process of the maxillary that continues as the zygomatic arch

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20
Q

what does the YELLOW line outline?

A

floor of orbit

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21
Q

what does the GOLD * line outline?

A

pterygomaxillary fissue

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22
Q

what does the YELLOW arrow point to?

A

nasal septum

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23
Q

what does the GREEN arrow point to?

A

inferior nasal turbinate

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24
Q

what does the BLUE arrow point to?

A

Hard palate

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25
Q
A

External Auditory canal (EAC)

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26
Q
A

soft palate

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27
Q

What causes double images in panoramic radiography?

A

occurs when objects posterior to the center of rotation are intercepted twice by the x-ray beam.

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28
Q

Which objects commonly produce double images in panoramic radiographs?

A
  • Cervical spine (C-spine)
  • Hyoid bone
  • Epiglottis
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29
Q

what is 1 on this double image?

A

Palatoglossal air shadow

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30
Q

what is 2 on this double image

A

cervical spine

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31
Q

what is 3 on this double image

A

soft palate

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32
Q

what is 4 on this double image

A

air way

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33
Q

what are the red arrows pointing to?

A

hyoid bone

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34
Q

what are the white arrows pointing to?

A

epiglottis

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35
Q

what pharyngeal space is 1?

A

Nasopharyngeal airspace ( posterior to nasal cavity)

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36
Q

what pharyngeal space is 2?

A

Oropharyngeal air space( soft palate to epiglottis)

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37
Q

what pharyngeal space is 3?

A

Palatoglossal airspace

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38
Q

What is the correct position for the patient during panoramic imaging?

A

The patient should be in an upright position to ensure accurate imaging.

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39
Q

What items must be removed before taking a panoramic radiograph?

A

Glasses
Earrings
Piercings
Partial dentures
Other jewelry

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40
Q

What should be explained to the patient before the panoramic procedure?

A
  • The rotation of the machine.
  • The approximate duration of the procedure.
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41
Q

What are the five major positioning criteria for panoramic imaging?

A
  1. Mid-sagittal plane (Midline)
  2. Occlusal plane or Frankfort plane (Chin position)
  3. Anterior-posterior jaw location (Bite block)
  4. Cervical spine/Neck
  5. Tongue and lip position
42
Q

How should the patient’s mid-sagittal plane be positioned during panoramic imaging?

A
  • Perpendicular to the floor.
  • Aligned with the beam indicator to coincide with the patient’s midline.
43
Q

How is the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane correctly positioned during panoramic imaging?

A

Parallel to the floor to ensure proper chin positioning.

44
Q

What happens if the patient’s chin is positioned too high during panoramic imaging?

A

The occlusal plane becomes flat or inverted (reverse smile line).

45
Q

What effect does an incorrect chin position have on the vertical dimension of the face?

A

causes the vertical dimension of the face to appear decreased, making the image look distorted.

46
Q

How do ghost images form when the chin is too high?

A

Ghost images of the palate are created, and they appear as a prominent radiopaque line that may superimpose the apices of the maxillary teeth.

47
Q

How can you avoid the issues caused by an incorrect chin position?

A

Ensure the chin is positioned so the Frankfort plane is parallel to the floor

48
Q

What happens if the patient bites too far forward during panoramic imaging?

A
  • The anterior teeth appear narrow and blurred.
  • The cervical spine is superimposed on the rami (like an arch), distorting the image.
49
Q

What is the correction for biting too far forward during panoramic imaging?

A

ensure the patient is biting in the groove of the bite tab to properly position the anterior teeth.

50
Q

What happens if the patient bites too far backward during panoramic imaging?

A
  • The anterior teeth appear widened and blurred.
  • The inferior turbinate and meati spread out bilaterally across the sinus.
  • The condyles appear near the lateral edges of the image.
  • A ghost image of the contralateral rami may appear.
51
Q

What happens if the patient’s cervical spine is slumped during panoramic imaging?

A

a pyramid-shaped radiopacity appears, typically centered at the inferior aspect of the image.

52
Q

What is the correction for a slumped cervical spine in panoramic imaging?

A

make sure the patient is positioned upright in the scanner, with their spine straight to avoid this distortion

53
Q

what does this image show?

A

Ghost of Cervical Spine

54
Q

What happens if the patient’s tongue is not positioned correctly during panoramic imaging?

A

a palatoglossal air shadow appears, obscuring the apices of the maxillary teeth.

55
Q

What effect does incorrect lip positioning have on a panoramic radiograph?

A

airspace near the oral orifice is superimposed over the incisal aspect of the anterior teeth, causing distortion

56
Q

What is the correction for tongue positioning errors in panoramic imaging?

A

Ensure the patient’s tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth (palate) to eliminate the air shadow.

57
Q

How can you prevent errors from the lips during panoramic imaging?

A

Make sure the patient’s lips are closed to prevent airspace interference over the anterior teeth.

58
Q

What is the ideal positioning for the condyles in a panoramic radiograph?

A

The condyles should be completely captured and perpendicular to the inferior aspect of the image

59
Q

What shape should the occlusal plane have in an ideal panoramic image?

A

a slight U-shaped (smile) curve

60
Q

How should the hard palate be positioned in an ideal panoramic radiograph?

A

flat and parallel to the floor

61
Q

What does ideal symmetry look like in a panoramic image?

A

no asymmetry between the left and right rami of the mandible

62
Q

What should the distortion of teeth look like in an ideal panoramic radiograph?

A

even and minimal distortion

63
Q

What is the ideal position of the palatoglossal air shadow in panoramic imaging?

A

there should be no palatoglossal air shadow, as the tongue should be against the palate.

64
Q

How should the spinal shadow appear in an ideal panoramic radiograph?

A

The spinal shadow should not obscure the region of interest (ROI)

65
Q

How should the airway shadow appear in an ideal panoramic radiograph?

A

The airway shadow should not obscure the region of interest (ROI)

66
Q

1.

A

Condylar head

67
Q

2.

A

Sigmoid notch

68
Q

3.

A

Coronoid

69
Q

4.

A

Anterior border of ramus

70
Q

5.

A

Mandibular canal

71
Q

6.

A

Post. Border of Ramus

72
Q

7.

A

Angle of the mandible

73
Q

8.

A

Inferior border

74
Q

9

A

Mental ridge

75
Q

10

A

Genial Tubercle

76
Q

11.

A

mental foramen

77
Q

12.

A

Internal Oblique Ridge

78
Q

13.

A

Lingula

79
Q

14.

A

Hyoid Bone

80
Q

15.

A

Glenoid fossa

81
Q

16.

A

Articular eminence

82
Q

17.

A

zygomatic arch

83
Q

18

A

Post. wall max. sinus

84
Q

19.

A

Floor of Max.Sinus

85
Q

20.

A

Zygomatic process of maxilla

86
Q

21.

A

Hard palate

87
Q

22.

A

Floor of the orbit

88
Q

23

A

Nasal septum

89
Q

24.

A

Inferior choncha

90
Q

25.

A

Pterygo max. fissure

91
Q

26.

A

Maxillary tuberosity

92
Q

32.

A

External acoustic meatus

93
Q

33

A

styloid process

94
Q

34

A

Shadow of ear lobe

95
Q

35.

A

nose

96
Q

36.

A

Shadow of Cervical spine

97
Q

37.

A

Shadow of uvula

98
Q

39.

A

Submandibular fossa

99
Q

1.

A

Oropharyngeal airspace

100
Q

2

A

Palatoglossal airspace

101
Q

3

A

Nasopharyngeal airspace

102
Q

4.

A

Oral orifice

radiology (6 decks)

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