Pancreas Endocrine

Question 1

Endocrine portion of pancreas

Answer 1

islets of Langerhans

Question 2

Hormones secreted from:

• Beta cells
• alpha cells
• Delta cells
• F(PP) cells

Answer 2

Beta cells

• Insulin
• IAPP (islet amyloid polypeptide)

Alpha cells
-glucagon

Delta cells
- somatostatin

F (PP) cells
- pancreatic polypetide

Question 3

Insulin (when secreted & role)

Answer 3

Secreted: in response to elevated blood glucose
Role: 
1. Transfer glucose into the cells (Hepatocytes, adipocytes, myocytes)
2. Enhances:
- Glucose oxidation
- Glycogenesis
- lipogenesis
- ATP &nucleic acid formation
3. Decrease Blood glucose

Question 4

Glucagon (when secreted & role)

Answer 4

Secreted: In response to decreased blood glucose 
Role:
- increase release of energy from target cell
- Promotes:
1. Glycogenolysis
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Lipolysis
- increase blood glucose

Question 5

T/F Diabetes mellitus always has pancreatic lesions

Answer 5

False

• If there is a lesion:
• -selective degeneration/necrosis of islets
• -digestive enzymes from surrounding tissue destroy islet cells also.

Question 6

Lesions of Diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

• Increase susceptibility to infection (cystitis)
• Hepatomegaly - lipidosis and glycogen deposition
• Cataracts
• Microangiopathy

More striking in extra-pancreatic organs
(attributed to lack of insulin stimulation)
increases in glucagon exacerbate the lesions

Question 7

Inflammation associated with Pancreas

Answer 7

1. Immune-mediated lymphoplasmacytic inflammation – selective destruction
2. Chronic Relapsing Pancreatitis –destroys everything

Question 8

Growth disturbances of pancreatic islets

Answer 8

1. Aplasia
2. Hypoplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Proliferative lesions –usually Beta cells

Question 9

Term for tumor of Chemoreceptor organ (carotid body/Aortic body)

Answer 9

Chemodectoma

-Aortic body tumors ( heart base tumor )

Question 10

Hormones secretes from Adipose tissue

Answer 10

1. Leptin

2. Adiponectin

Question 11

Roles of Leptin

Answer 11

1. Appetite suppression
2. Heat generation
3. Pro-inflammatory

Question 12

Roles of Adiponectin

Answer 12

1. Glucose uptake
2. Glucose Metabolism
3. Anti-inflammatory

Question 13

Failure of target cell response

Answer 13

• Down regulation of receptors

- decreased adenyl cyclase

Question 14

Causes of HYPOfunction of pancreatic islets

Answer 14

1. hypoplasia
2. idiopathic atrophy
3. Insular amyloidosis
4. General inflammation –> destruction
5. Immune- mediated destruction

Question 15

Equine metabolic syndrome

Answer 15

“Horse diabetes”

• Insulin resistant
• Easy keepers are susceptible
• High levels of glucose –> increase in insulin secretion –> down regulation receptors –> Compensatory increase insulin secretion

Question 16

What type of diabetes do cats get?

Answer 16

Type 2 - insulin resistance

Question 17

Causes of insulin resistance

Answer 17

1. Equine metabolic syndrome
2. Type 2 Diabetes in cats
3. Competing hormons –Progesterone, GH

Question 18

Islet cell adenomas

Answer 18

Most commonly Beta cell tumors

Question 19

What hormone does the Pineal gland regulate?

Answer 19

Melatonin

• Rare tumors
• Most important in seasonal breeders

Question 20

Tumors of neuroendocrine cells

Answer 20

Carcinoids

-these are scattered everywhere throughout body