Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Holoprosencephaly
• associated anomalies
• caused by

A
  • Failure of forebrain to divide into cerebral hemispheres
  • Associated with cyclopia and facial anomalies

** loss of midline structure

Cause:
- Ewe eats plant -Veratrum californicum on DAY 14
- must be other causes bc we see this sometimes
(in humans – Fetal alcoholism, Morning after pill)

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2
Q

Encephaloclasic defects (2 forms)
• what species mainly
• caused by

A

• mainly ruminants

continuum of dz

  1. Porencephaly -smaller
  2. Hydranencephaly -larger

always fetal dz

  • *start as necrosis of parenchyma of the brain
  • liquifactive necrosis of white matter –> partial to total loss of brain

Main causes:
- Viral – BVD, bluetongue

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3
Q

Ventricular dilation

How can you tell if it is congenital?

A
Accumulation of CSF in ventricular system
Causes:
- Obstruction of outflow
- decreased absorption
- Excess production

Can be congenital or acquired
-Congenital –> enlargement of calverium due to lack of closure!

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4
Q

Hydromyelia

A

Dilation of central canal of spinal cord

  • -Congenital or acquired
    • Still lined by ependymal cells
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5
Q

Syringomyelia

A
  • Tubular cavitation in spinal cord
  • May communicate with central canal, but NOT lined by ependymal cells
  • Syringo- = Tube/fistula
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6
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Link to viral destruction of external granular layer
- Feline panleukopenia
- BVD virus
• they like rapidly dividing cells

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7
Q

Dysraphism / Meningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges through defect in dorsal aspect of cranium or vertebral column
• covered just by skin or meninges
• sometimes brain/spinal cord can come thru with it

** Raph- = “seam”

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8
Q

Meningoencephalocele

A

brain + meninges protrude thru dorsal cranium

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9
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

spinal cord + meninges protrude thru dorsal cranium

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10
Q

Colonic aganglionosis

A

‘Overo lethal white foal syndrome’
• American Paint horse foals
= Unpigmented hair and skin

    • 1 AA mutation in Endothelin receptor B gene
  • -> lack signal of Neural crest stem cell
  • -> into Lg intestinal ganglia & lack of Melanocytes
  • -> mechonium stays in GI tract
  • -> death from intestinal obstruction
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11
Q

Name the types of glial cells

A
  1. Macroglia
    - astrocytes
    - oligodendroglia
  2. Ependymal cells /choroid plexus
  3. Microglia
    - derived from Monocytes
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12
Q

Neuropil

A

term for Cellular Processes of neurons and glia that compose the GRAY matter of the brain/cord

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13
Q

Leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid membrane & pia mater + space btwn

-Ruminants often have Melanosis

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14
Q

Nissl substance

A
  • the predominant cytoplasmic feature of most neuronal cell bodies
  • granular/ smudged basophilic material
  • RER & polysomes

**not in axons!

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15
Q

What do you call a “group of neuronal cell bodied in the CNS”?
What are axons called?

A

Nuclei

Tracts – named for sites of origin and termination

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16
Q

What do you call a “group of neuronal cell bodied in the PNS”?
What are axons called?

A

Ganglia

Nerves

  • UMN axons = confined to the CNS
    - extend to neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord
  • LMN extend from cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord into cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the PNS
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17
Q

Myelinating cells of PNS vs CNS

A

PNS = Schwann cells (some cells have Amphicytes)

CNS = oligodendrocytes

18
Q

What does myelin internode refer to?

A

the area where the myelin is on an axon

–the space btwn these are called Node of Ranvier

19
Q

What is Perineurium?

What is Epineurium?

A

Peri = the fibrous tissue that bundles axons into fascicles
Epi = contiguous with the dura mater, ensheaths the entire nerve
-contains ample adipose tissue

20
Q

What is the main leukocyte observed in normal neuron?

21
Q

Which axon is more likely to be myelinated?

> 2 OR <2 micron micron diameter

A

Axons that are Larger than 2 microns

22
Q

Which enzymes are assoc’d with Anterograde transport?

A

Anterograde

  • protein kinesin –Faster
  • microtubule- associated protein dynamin –Slower

Retrograde
*dynein

23
Q

where does sympathetic nerves (LMN) arise from?

– what can damage to these nerves cause?

A
  • T1 to L4
  • Horner’s syndrome
    (ptosis, miosis, and enophthalmos)
24
Q

where does parasympathetic nerves (LMN) arise from?

– what CNs do the become?

A
  • CN 3 = to control pupils and eyelids
  • CN7 = lacrimal glands
  • CN 7 and 9 = salivary glands
  • CN 10 = heart
  • caudal segments = caudal viseara
25
Astrocytes - 2 types - function
1. Protoplasmic = gray matter 2. Fibrous = white matter - structural support, neurotransmitter metabolism, maintenance of ionic balance, and transfer of metabolites from blood to neurons
26
What is the role of astrocytes in immature brain?
guide migrating neuronal cell bodies and developing axons
27
What is the glia limitans?
A network of astrocytic processes just beneath the pia mater
28
What histochemical process is used to ID astrocytes?
- Metallic stains - IHC for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) = major cytoskeletal elements
29
What is the importance of Microglia?
- derived from monocytes - APC's = innate immune system of the CNS - least common glial cell in a normal brain
30
Ependymal cells
- line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. - ciliated cells function in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
31
Choroid plexus epithelium
- production of CSF - maintenance of the blood-CSF barrier - share a common derivation with ependymal cells
32
Where does a seizure localize the lesion to?
Prosencephalon
33
What are the steps of neurulation?
1. Neural plate (formed from ectoderm) 2. Neural groove (neuroectoderm) 3. Neural tube closure 4. Dehiscence
34
What is astrocytes role in injury?
1. Take up edema fluid (swell) 2. Hypertrophy --> ↑ processes & GFAP 3. Proliferation 4. Glial "scars" -- around necrotic foci
35
What are Ependymal cells?
* lining ventricular system * Ciliated --> move CSF * Gap junx (Zonulae adherentes) * Express Vimentin
36
What are choroid plexus epithelial cells?
* line ventricles * Microvilli (few cilia) * Secrete CSF * Zona occludentes (CSF-Brain Barrier) * Express Cytokeratin
37
What is the pachymeninges?
Dura Mater
38
What is the leptomeninges?
Arachnoid & Pia mater
39
What are the 1° vesicles of the neural tube? | What do they become?
1. Pros-encephalon (forebrain) --> Tel-encephalon • lateral ventricles & cerebral cortex --> Di-encephalon • Thalamus /hypothalamus 2. Mes-encephalon (Midbrain) - -> stays Mesencephalon 3. Rhomb-encephalon (hindbrain) --> Met-encephalon • Pons /Cerebellum --> Myel-encephalon • Medulla oblongata
40
Prosenchephalic anomalies
1. Prosencephalic hypoplasia 2. Holoprosencephaly 3. Encephaloclastic defects • Porencephaly • Hydranencephaly