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Pathobio > Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Holoprosencephaly
• associated anomalies
• caused by

A
  • Failure of forebrain to divide into cerebral hemispheres
  • Associated with cyclopia and facial anomalies

** loss of midline structure

Cause:
- Ewe eats plant -Veratrum californicum on DAY 14
- must be other causes bc we see this sometimes
(in humans – Fetal alcoholism, Morning after pill)

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2
Q

Encephaloclasic defects (2 forms)
• what species mainly
• caused by

A

• mainly ruminants

continuum of dz

  1. Porencephaly -smaller
  2. Hydranencephaly -larger

always fetal dz

  • *start as necrosis of parenchyma of the brain
  • liquifactive necrosis of white matter –> partial to total loss of brain

Main causes:
- Viral – BVD, bluetongue

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3
Q

Ventricular dilation

How can you tell if it is congenital?

A 
Accumulation of CSF in ventricular system
Causes:
- Obstruction of outflow
- decreased absorption
- Excess production

Can be congenital or acquired
-Congenital –> enlargement of calverium due to lack of closure!

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4
Q

Hydromyelia

A

Dilation of central canal of spinal cord

  • -Congenital or acquired
    • Still lined by ependymal cells
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5
Q

Syringomyelia

A
  • Tubular cavitation in spinal cord
  • May communicate with central canal, but NOT lined by ependymal cells
  • Syringo- = Tube/fistula
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6
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Link to viral destruction of external granular layer
- Feline panleukopenia
- BVD virus
• they like rapidly dividing cells

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7
Q

Dysraphism / Meningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges through defect in dorsal aspect of cranium or vertebral column
• covered just by skin or meninges
• sometimes brain/spinal cord can come thru with it

** Raph- = “seam”

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8
Q

Meningoencephalocele

A

brain + meninges protrude thru dorsal cranium

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9
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

spinal cord + meninges protrude thru dorsal cranium

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10
Q

Colonic aganglionosis

A

‘Overo lethal white foal syndrome’
• American Paint horse foals
= Unpigmented hair and skin

    • 1 AA mutation in Endothelin receptor B gene
  • -> lack signal of Neural crest stem cell
  • -> into Lg intestinal ganglia & lack of Melanocytes
  • -> mechonium stays in GI tract
  • -> death from intestinal obstruction
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11
Q

Name the types of glial cells

A
  1. Macroglia
    - astrocytes
    - oligodendroglia
  2. Ependymal cells /choroid plexus
  3. Microglia
    - derived from Monocytes
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12
Q

Neuropil

A

term for Cellular Processes of neurons and glia that compose the GRAY matter of the brain/cord

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13
Q

Leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid membrane & pia mater + space btwn

-Ruminants often have Melanosis

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14
Q

Nissl substance

A
  • the predominant cytoplasmic feature of most neuronal cell bodies
  • granular/ smudged basophilic material
  • RER & polysomes

**not in axons!

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15
Q

What do you call a “group of neuronal cell bodied in the CNS”?
What are axons called?

A

Nuclei

Tracts – named for sites of origin and termination

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16
Q

What do you call a “group of neuronal cell bodied in the PNS”?
What are axons called?

A

Ganglia

Nerves

  • UMN axons = confined to the CNS
    - extend to neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord
  • LMN extend from cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord into cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the PNS
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17
Q

Myelinating cells of PNS vs CNS

A

PNS = Schwann cells (some cells have Amphicytes)

CNS = oligodendrocytes

18
Q

What does myelin internode refer to?

A

the area where the myelin is on an axon

–the space btwn these are called Node of Ranvier

19
Q

What is Perineurium?

What is Epineurium?

A

Peri = the fibrous tissue that bundles axons into fascicles
Epi = contiguous with the dura mater, ensheaths the entire nerve
-contains ample adipose tissue

20
Q

What is the main leukocyte observed in normal neuron?

A

Mast cell

21
Q

Which axon is more likely to be myelinated?

> 2 OR <2 micron micron diameter

A

Axons that are Larger than 2 microns

22
Q

Which enzymes are assoc’d with Anterograde transport?

A

Anterograde

  • protein kinesin –Faster
  • microtubule- associated protein dynamin –Slower

Retrograde
*dynein

23
Q

where does sympathetic nerves (LMN) arise from?

– what can damage to these nerves cause?

A
  • T1 to L4
  • Horner’s syndrome
    (ptosis, miosis, and enophthalmos)
24
Q

where does parasympathetic nerves (LMN) arise from?

– what CNs do the become?

A
  • CN 3 = to control pupils and eyelids
  • CN7 = lacrimal glands
  • CN 7 and 9 = salivary glands
  • CN 10 = heart
  • caudal segments = caudal viseara
25
Q

Astrocytes

  • 2 types
  • function
A
  1. Protoplasmic = gray matter
  2. Fibrous = white matter
    - structural support, neurotransmitter metabolism, maintenance of ionic balance, and transfer of metabolites from blood to neurons
26
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in immature brain?

A

guide migrating neuronal cell bodies and developing axons

27
Q

What is the glia limitans?

A

A network of astrocytic processes just beneath the pia mater

28
Q

What histochemical process is used to ID astrocytes?

A
  • Metallic stains
  • IHC for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
    = major cytoskeletal elements
29
Q

What is the importance of Microglia?

A
  • derived from monocytes
  • APC’s = innate immune system of the CNS
  • least common glial cell in a normal brain
30
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
  • ciliated cells function in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
31
Q

Choroid plexus epithelium

A
  • production of CSF
  • maintenance of the blood-CSF barrier
  • share a common derivation with ependymal cells
32
Q

Where does a seizure localize the lesion to?

A

Prosencephalon

33
Q

What are the steps of neurulation?

A
  1. Neural plate (formed from ectoderm)
  2. Neural groove (neuroectoderm)
  3. Neural tube closure
  4. Dehiscence
34
Q

What is astrocytes role in injury?

A
  1. Take up edema fluid (swell)
  2. Hypertrophy –> ↑ processes & GFAP
  3. Proliferation
  4. Glial “scars” – around necrotic foci
35
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A
  • lining ventricular system
  • Ciliated –> move CSF
  • Gap junx (Zonulae adherentes)
  • Express Vimentin
36
Q

What are choroid plexus epithelial cells?

A
  • line ventricles
  • Microvilli (few cilia)
  • Secrete CSF
  • Zona occludentes (CSF-Brain Barrier)
  • Express Cytokeratin
37
Q

What is the pachymeninges?

A

Dura Mater

38
Q

What is the leptomeninges?

A

Arachnoid & Pia mater

39
Q

What are the 1° vesicles of the neural tube?

What do they become?

A
  1. Pros-encephalon (forebrain)
    –> Tel-encephalon
    • lateral ventricles & cerebral cortex
    –> Di-encephalon
    • Thalamus /hypothalamus
  2. Mes-encephalon (Midbrain)
    • -> stays Mesencephalon
  3. Rhomb-encephalon (hindbrain)
    –> Met-encephalon
    • Pons /Cerebellum
    –> Myel-encephalon
    • Medulla oblongata
40
Q

Prosenchephalic anomalies

A
  1. Prosencephalic hypoplasia
  2. Holoprosencephaly
  3. Encephaloclastic defects
    • Porencephaly
    • Hydranencephaly

Pathobio (12 decks)

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