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Endo/Repro > Pancreas CIS > Flashcards

Pancreas CIS Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin increases glycogen storage in the ____ and ____.

A

Liver and Skeletal mm

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2
Q

Insulin promotes glucose uptake and use by _____ and _____.

A

skeletal mm and adipose tissue

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3
Q

Insulin ________ output by the liver.

A

Suppresses glucose

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4
Q

Insulin promotes _____ synthesis and storage in the ____ and ____.

A
  • triglyceride

- liver and adipose tissue

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5
Q

Insulin promotes the clearance of ______ from the _____.

A
  • chylomicrons

- blood

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6
Q

Insulin suppresses lipolysis of ______.

A

adipose triglyceride stores

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7
Q

GLUT2 is insulin ____.

A

independent

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8
Q

GLP1 potentiates ____ and is used in ______ to encourage insulin release.

A
  • Insulin release

- Type II Diabetes

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9
Q

4 steps of insulin secretion from beta cells

A
  1. Glucose enters the cell via GLUT2
  2. intracellular K increases
  3. intracellular Ca increases via voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels
  4. Insulin in released via secretory granules
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10
Q

After meal ingestion, insulin secretion promotes the movement of ____ into the ____.

A
  • Potassium

- intracellular space

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11
Q

4 actions of GLP-1

A
  1. inhibits gastric emptying
  2. promotes insulin release
  3. inhibits glucagon release
  4. Suppresses appetite
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12
Q

What is the role of DPP-IV?

A

to degrade GLP-1

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13
Q

Two drug types used in DMII to promote/ potentiate insulin release?

A
  1. GLP1 agonist

2. DPP-IV inhibitors

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14
Q

What does each peak stand for in a double peak appearing in a CGM reading? What may the patient need?

A
  • double peak indicates a high fat meal
    peak 1 = carbs
    peak 2 = lipids
  • a second dose of insulin to accommodate for the second peak of fat
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15
Q

CGM reading: in a pt with impaired glucose tolerance, a peak will ______. In a healthy individual we see an______.

A
  • slowly decrease

- abrupt decrease

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16
Q

Long term complications of DM involve which organ systems? (4)

A
  1. nervous
  2. CV
  3. renal
  4. sensory organ
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17
Q

_____ is a group of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by abnormality in ______ or actions ________.

A
  • insulin secretion

- resulting in hyperglycemia

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18
Q

_____ results frm absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to ______.

A
  • Type I DM

- beta cell destruction

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19
Q

Type I DM patients require _____ and are prone to _____.

A
  • insulin

- ketoacidosis

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20
Q

____ results from a combination of _____ and _____, which is often preceded by a period of abnormal ______.

A
  • Type II DM
  • Insulin resistance
  • insulin deficiency
  • carbohydrate metabolism
21
Q

DM type II patients are typically ____, may not ______, and are usually not prone to _____.

A
  • over weight
  • immediately require insulin
  • ketoacidosis
22
Q

_____ represents diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy.

A

Gestational DM

23
Q

Type I DM age of onset

A

peak in early childhood and adolescence

24
Q

Pathophysiology of Type I DM

A

Autoimmune disease

25
Q

Conditions Associated with Type I Diabetes (3)

A
  1. autoimmune thyroid
  2. celiac disease
  3. addison’s disease
26
Q

Type II DM onset

A

post pubertal

27
Q

Pathophysiology of Type II DM

A

insulin resistance

28
Q

Conditions associated with Type II DM (4)

A
  1. obesity
  2. lipid abnormalities
  3. PCOS
  4. NAFLD (non alcoholic fatty liver disease)
29
Q

_____ + _____ = autoimmunity

A

genetic predisposition + environmental trigger

30
Q

GLUT 4 is found in ___ and __ tissues. And are stored in ____ until needed.

A
  • Striated mm and fat

- Intracellular vesicles

31
Q

GLUT 3 is found in ____.

A

Neurons

32
Q

GLUT 2 is found in ____ , _____ , _____, and ____.

A
  • pancreatic beta cells
  • liver
  • intestine
  • kindey
33
Q

GLUT 1 tissues: (3)

A
  • SKM
  • Fat
  • endothelial cell lining the blood vessels of the brain
34
Q

3 causes for obesity induced insulin resistance:

A
  1. Lipotoxicity
  2. Lipotoxicity and inflammation
  3. development of dyslipidemia
35
Q

Define Lipotoxicity

A

Decreased GLUT4 uptake of glucose in response to insulin release

36
Q

Define Lipotoxicity and Inflammation

A

Decreased ability of insulin to repress hepatic glucose production

37
Q

Define the development of dyslipidemia

A

inability of insulin to repress hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) or increase lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue

38
Q

Describe the incretin effect and diabetes

A
  • in a healthy individual, incretin levels increase significantly after blood glucose levels rise; in a diabetic patient we don’t see this large of an incretin release
39
Q

What is released first in the body, incretin or insulin?

A

incretin

40
Q

Obesity BMI criteria

A

greater than 30

41
Q

BMI calculation

A

weight in Kg / (height in Meters)^2

42
Q

Normal fasting oral glucose tolerance test results

A

under 100

43
Q

fasting oral glucose tolerance test results for diabetes

A

126 or above

44
Q

Normal non-fasting oral glucose tolerance test results

A

below 140

45
Q

non fasting oral glucose tolerance test results for diabetes

A

200 or above

46
Q

Hemoglobin A1c levels for diabetes

A

greater than 6.5

47
Q

HgV A1C levels asses glucose control over that past ___ months

A

3 months

48
Q

Insulin release is different in response to oral glucose compared to IV glucose due to the secretion of _____.

A

incretin

49
Q

Incretin is released after ____ glucose consumption.

A

oral

Endo/Repro (5 decks)

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