PANCREAS

Question 1

The islet of langerhans comprises of 4 major types of cells:

Answer 1

1. Alpha cells (secrete Glucagon)
2. Beta Cells ( Secrete Insulin and amylin)
3. Delta Cells ( secrete somatostatin)
4. Gamma Cells ( secrete pancreatic polypeptide)

Question 2

1. Alpha cells secrete _______
2. Beta Cells Secrete ______
3. Delta Cells secrete __________
4. Gamma Cells secrete _______________

Answer 2

1. Glucagon
2. Insulin and amylin
3. somatostatin
4. pancreatic polypeptide

Question 3

The ________ and _______ hormones regulates the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Answer 3

insulin and glucagon

Question 4

_________ , regulates the secretion of islet cell

Answer 4

Somatostatin

Question 5

_______________ regulates the secretion of HCO–3 to the intestine.

Answer 5

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 6

Insulin is a polypeptide containing two chains of amino acids linked by _____________

Answer 6

disulfide bridges

Question 7

Insulin is synthesized as part of a larger preprohormone known as ____________.

Answer 7

Preproinsulin

Question 8

The insulin that are not bonded to receptors of the target cells are degraded by the enzyme _________ in the liver, kidneys and muscle

Answer 8

insulinase

Question 9

____________ is a syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by either lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin.

Answer 9

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 10

There are two general types of diabetes mellitus:

1. __________ , also called insulin-dependent diabetes
2. ___________ , also called non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM),

Answer 10

1. Type I diabetes

2. Type II diabetes

Question 11

Type I diabetes , also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by lack of ______ secretion.

Answer 11

insulin

Question 12

Type II diabetes, also called non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is caused by decreased _______ of target tissues to the metabolic effect of insulin.

Answer 12

sensitivity

Question 13

What type of diabetes is caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the metabolic effect of insulin?

Answer 13

Type II diabetes

Question 14

What type of diabetes is caused by lack of insulin secretion?

Answer 14

Type I diabetes

Question 15

The basic effect of insulin lack or insulin resistance on glucose metabolism is to ?

Answer 15

Prevent the efficient uptake and utilization of glucose by most cells of the body, except those of the brain.

Question 16

Insulin resistance on glucose metabolism will result to:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 16

1. Increased blood glucose concentration,
2. Decreased cell utilization of glucose falls,
3. Increased utilization of fats and proteins

Question 17

Insulin resistance on glucose metabolism will result to:

1. Increased _______ glucose concentration,
2. Decreased cell ________ of glucose falls,
3. Increased utilization of fats and _______

Answer 17

1. blood
2. utilization
3. proteins

Question 18

Insulin on CHO metabolism ?

Answer 18

decreases glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose ) and Gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from non sugar precursors)

Question 19

Glucagon on CHO metabolism ?

Answer 19

Increases glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose ) and Gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from non sugar precursors)

Question 20

Insulin on lipid metabolism?

Answer 20

causes lipogenesis

Question 21

Glucagon on lipid metabolism?

Answer 21

Lipolysis

Question 22

Insulin on protein metabolism ?

Answer 22

Anabolic

Question 23

Glucagon on protein metabolism ?

Answer 23

Catabolic

Question 24

When Insulin is Stimulated ?

Answer 24

Hyperglycemia

Question 25

When Glucagon is Stimulated ?

Answer 25

Hypoglycemia

Question 26

type I diabetes occurs at about 1 years of age

it is also known as _________ Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 26

1. 14 years

2. Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus

Question 27

Some Causes of Insulin Resistance

Answer 27

Obesity/overweight (especially excess visceral adiposity)
Excess glucocorticoids (Cushing’s syndrome or steroid therapy)
Excess growth hormone (acromegaly)
Pregnancy, gestational diabetes
Polycystic ovary disease
Lipodystrophy (acquired or genetic; associated with lipid accumulation in liver)
Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor
Mutations of insulin receptor
Mutations of the peroxisome proliferators’ activator receptor γ (PPAR γ)
Mutations that cause genetic obesity (e.g., melanocortin receptor mutations)
Hemochromatosis (a hereditary disease that causes tissue iron accumulation)

Question 28

Physiology of Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.

1. Urinary __________
2. Fasting Blood Glucose and_______ Levels.
3. Glucose _______ Test.
   Acetone Breath

Answer 28

1. Glucose
2. Insulin
3. Tolerance

Question 29

Physiology of Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.

Answer 29

1. Urinary Glucose
2. Fasting Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels.
3. Glucose Tolerance Test.
   Acetone Breath