Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENDOCRINOLOGY > Adrenal Gland (Part 2) (Mineralcorticoids, Glucocorticoids And Sex Steroids) > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland (Part 2) (Mineralcorticoids, Glucocorticoids And Sex Steroids) Flashcards

1
Q

Aldosterone act on the Principal cells of ____________ and ___________

A

COLLECTING TUBULES and DISTAL CONVLUTED TUBULES (DCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aldosterone causes:

A
  1. Increase Na reabsorbtion in the ECF

2. Increase K secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Increase Na in ECF (due to aldosterone) causes:

A
  1. Water reabsorption by the kidneys ( which increases blood volume)
  2. Stimulates thirst and increases water intake (increases blood volume)
  3. Increases Arterial pressure (because of increase in blood volume caused by water intake)
  4. Causes Excretion of both water and Nacl(salt) i.e through the process of PRESSURE DIURESIS AND NATRIUESIS (because to increased Arterial Pressure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Due to the process of aldosterone escape, the rate of gain of salt and water by the body is 0 thus balance is mantaned between salt and water despite INCREASED _______ iN THE PLAMS

A

ALDOSTERONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Due to the process of aldosterone escape, the rate of gain of salt and water by the body is 0 thus balance is maintained between salt and water despite INCREASED _______ iN THE PLAMS

A

ALDOSTERONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Increase Na in ECF (due to aldosterone) causes:

  1. Water _________ by the kidneys ( which increases blood volume)
  2. Stimulates thirst and increases _____ intake (increases blood volume)
  3. Increases ______ pressure (because of increase in blood volume caused by water intake)
  4. Causes ______ of both water and Nacl(salt) i.e through the process of PRESSURE DIURESIS AND NATRIUESIS (because to increased Arterial Pressure)
A
  1. reabsorption
  2. water
  3. Arterial
  4. Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Hypertention will linger in as there is still high levels of _____________

A

ALDOSTERONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The rate of gain of salt and water by the body is 0 and thus balance is maintained between Salt and Water despite high ___________ in the plasma

A

aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When there is low aldosterone it leads to low Na and High K which leads to Low ECF and ECF dehydration and this causes:

A
  1. Low arterial pressure
  2. low blood pressure
  3. circulatory shock
  4. cardiac toxicity
  5. weakness of heart contraction
  6. arrhythmia
  7. Heart Failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When there is high aldosterone , it leads to High Na reabsorbtion and low K secretion and this causes:

  1. Water reabsorbtion
  2. Stimulates thirst and causes increased intake of water
  3. increased arterial pressure
  4. excretion of both salt and water by PRESSURE NATURIESIS AND DIURESIS
  5. In excess secretion of aldosterone the rate of gain of salt and water is 0 thus balance is maintained between SALT and WATER but the Hypertention thus developed by the individual will linger on as long as there is still high level of aldosterone in the plasma
A
  1. Water reabsorbtion
  2. Stimulates thirst and causes increased intake of water
  3. increased arterial pressure
  4. excretion of both salt and water by PRESSURE NATURIESIS AND DIURESIS
  5. In excess secretion of aldosterone the rate of gain of salt and water is 0 thus balance is maintained between SALT and WATER but the Hypertention thus developed by the individual will linger on as long as there is still high level of aldosterone in the plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When there is low aldosterone it leads to low Na and High K which leads to Low ECF and ECF dehydration and this causes:

  1. Low ______ pressure
  2. low ______ pressure
  3. circ___ory shock
  4. cardiac to___ty
  5. weakness of he___rt contraction
  6. arr___mia
  7. H___rt Failure
A
  1. arterial
  2. blood
  3. Circulatory
  4. toxicity
  5. heart
  6. arrhythmia
  7. Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When there is high aldosterone , it leads to High Na reabsorbtion and low K secretion and this causes:

  1. W___r reabsorbtion
  2. Stimulates thirst and causes increased intake of water
  3. increased __rterial pressure
  4. excretion of both salt and water by PRESSURE N_____SIS AND DIURESIS
  5. In excess secretion of aldosterone the rate of gain of salt and water is 0 thus balance is maintained between SALT and WATER but the Hy____ion thus developed by the individual will linger on as long as there is still high level of aldosterone in the plasma
A
  1. water
  2. thirst
  3. arterial
  4. NATURIESIS
  5. Hypertention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___________ stimulate the transport of potassium from ECF into most cells of the body

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_________ is the condition where an Adrenal tumors causes hypersecretion of aldosterone, which may lead to great decrease in the plasma concentration of potassium

NB: from 4.5 mEq/L to as low as 2 mEq/L

A

hypokalemia

NB: from 4.5 mEq/L to as low as 2 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When the __________ ion concentration falls below about one-half normal, severe muscle weakness often develops.

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Low concentration of K leads to muscle weakness because it alters the __________ of the nerve and muscle fiber membranes which prevents transmission of normal ____________.

A

electrical excitability, action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________ causes the secretion of hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium in the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting tubules.

This decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid, causing a mild degree of _______.

A

Aldosterone, alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The regulation of aldosterone secretion is almost entirely independent of the regulation of _______ and ______

A

cortisol and androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Four factors play essential roles in the regulation of aldosterone. They include:

  3. 4.
A
  1. Increased potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid greatly increases aldosterone secretion:
  2. Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system also greatly increases aldosterone secretion.
  3. Increased sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid very slightly decreases aldosterone secretion.
  4. ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland is necessary for aldosterone secretion but has little effect in controlling the rate of secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Four factors play essential roles in the regulation of aldosterone. They include:

  1. Increased potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid greatly increases _________ secretion
  2. Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system also greatly _________ aldosterone secretion.
  3. Increased sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid very slightly ________ aldosterone secretion.
  4. ________ from the anterior pituitary gland is necessary for aldosterone secretion but has little effect in controlling the rate of secretion
A
  1. aldosterone
  2. increases
  3. decreases
  4. Adrenocotroic Hormone ACTH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisol) causes:

  1. 2.
    3.
    4.
A
  1. Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver cells
  2. Increases the rate at which adipose tissue breaks down Triglyceride into Fatty Acids
  3. They decrease the rate of protein synthesis in our body and Increase Protein
  4. They Decrease the effectiveness of our immune system i.e they decrease inflammation and swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisol) causes:

  1. Increases the rate of ___________ in the liver cells (formation of carbohydrate from proteins and some other substances)
  2. Increases the rate at which ________ breaks down Triglyceride into ______
  3. They decrease the rate of protein _________ in our body and Increase Protein ________
  4. They Decrease the effectiveness of our ______ system i.e they decrease inflammation and swelling
A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. adipose tissue, Fatty Acids
  3. synthesis, catabolism
  4. immune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_________ STIMULATE GLUCONEOGENESIS BY

  1. increases the enzymes required to convert amino acids into glucose in the liver cells.
  2. mobilization of amino acids from the extrahepatic tissues mainly from muscle
A

Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen storage hence allowing other glycolytic hormones, such as ______ and _______, to mobilize glucose in times of need, such as between meals

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______ causes a moderate decrease in the rate of glucose utilization by most cells in the body.

A

Cortisol

26
Q

cortisol directly delays the rate of glucose utilization because it depresses the ___________________ and

NB: NADH must be oxidized to allow glycolysis,

A

Oxidation of NADH to form NAD

27
Q

_____ levels of glucocorticoid reduce the sensitivity of many tissues, especially skeletal muscle and adipose tissue,

This leads to the stimulatory effects of ___________ on glucose uptake and utilization.

A
  1. High LEVELS

2. insulin

28
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids may thus produce disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism very similar to those found in patients with excess levels of growth hormone.
The increase in blood glucose leads to ______________

A

adrenal diabetes.

29
Q

Administration of insulin lowers the blood glucose concentration moderately in _________ but it is not as potent as the effect seen in the pancreatic diabetes

A

adrenal diabetes

30
Q

______ depresses amino acid transport into muscle cells
BUT
It increase amino acid transport into liver cells as well as enhanced liver enzymes required for protein synthesis

A

Cortisol

31
Q

Cortisol ________ amino acid transport into muscle cells

A

depresses

32
Q

Cortisol ________ amino acid transport into liver cells

thus decreasing protein synthesis and and increasing protein catabolism

A

Increases

33
Q

_______ mobilizes amino acids from the non-hepatic tissues and in doing so diminishes the tissue stores of protein

A

cortisol

34
Q

The ___________ become enhanced due to the decrease in body proteins.

Thus
it increases the the _______ ________
NB: this occurs due to the ability of cortisol to mobilizes amino acids from the non-hepatic tissues and in doing so diminishes the tissue stores of protein

A

liver proteins

Plasma Proteins

35
Q

The increased plasma concentration of amino acids and enhanced transport of amino acids into the hepatic cells by cortisol
could also account for enhanced utilization of amino acids by the liver to cause such effects as

(1) increased rate of ___________ of amino acids by the liver
(2) increased _________ synthesis in the liver
(3) increased formation of ____________ by the liver
(4) increased conversion of amino acids to glucose-that is, enhanced _____________.

A

(1) deamination
(2) protein
(3) plasma proteins
(4) gluconeogenesis.

36
Q

The increased plasma concentration of amino acids and enhanced transport of amino acids into the hepatic cells by cortisol
could also account for enhanced utilization of amino acids by the liver to cause such effects as

1.

4.

A

(1) increased rate of deamination of amino acids by the liver
(2) increased protein synthesis in the liver
(3) increased formation of plasma proteins by the liver
(4) increased conversion of amino acids to glucose-that is, enhanced gluconeogenesis.

37
Q

_________ promotes mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

thus

increases the concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma, which also increases their utilization for energy.

A

Cortisol

38
Q

Cortisol also seems to have a direct effect to enhance the oxidation of fatty acids in the cells.
This could be as a result of ______ transport of glucose into the fat cells

A

diminished, glucose

39
Q

______________ is required for both deposition and maintenance of triglycerides in the cells, and in its absence the fat cells begin to release fatty acids.

A

α –glycerophosphate

40
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to deposition of fats on the ______ and ______ regions

NB: The individuals develop a buffalo-like torso and a rounded “moon face.” features

A

head, chest

41
Q

Due to Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to deposition of fats on the head and chest regions
The individuals develop a ____________ and a rounded “___________.” features

A

buffalo-like torso, moon face

42
Q

Cortisol is Important in Resisting Stress and Inflammation

True or False

A

True

43
Q

Physical or Neurogenic stress causes:

  1. Increase in ________________ secretion by the anterior pituitary gland.

RECALL: ACTH stimulate the secretion of Glucocorticoids Hormones.

  1. ___________ cause rapid mobilization of amino acids and fats from their cellular stores
  2. These amino acids and fats are important for energy and for synthesis of other compounds, including _______, needed by the different tissues of the body.

NB:
amino acids can be used to form new proteins for Damaged tissues

amino acids can be used to form purines, pyrimidines, and creatine phosphate

A
  1. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. glucose
44
Q

Physical or Neurogenic stress causes:

NB:
amino acids can be used to form new proteins for Damaged tissues

amino acids can be used to form purines, pyrimidines, and creatine phosphate

A
  1. Increase in Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secretion by the anterior pituitary gland.

RECALL: ACTH stimulate the secretion of Glucocorticoids Hormones.

  1. Glucocorticoids cause rapid mobilization of amino acids and fats from their cellular stores
  2. These amino acids and fats are important for energy and for synthesis of other compounds, including glucose, needed by the different tissues of the body.
45
Q

_________ in large quantity can block the inflammation damaged tissue or even reverse many of its effects

A

Cortisol

46
Q

The five stages of inflammation include:

  1. Release chemical substances such as ______, _______, _______, _______, ________ which activates the inflammation
  2. These chemical substances increases blood flow to the inflamed tissue effect called ________ ;
  3. Leakage of large quantities of almost pure plasma out of the capillaries into the damaged areas because of increased_______________, followed by clotting of the tissue fluid, thus causing a non-pitting type of edema
  4. Infiltration of the area by __________
  5. After days or weeks, ingrowth of fibrous tissue that often helps in the ________ process
A
  1. histamine, bradykinin, proteolytic enzymes, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
  2. erythema
  3. capillary permeability
  4. leukocytes
  5. healing
47
Q

The five stages of inflammation include:

A
  1. Release chemical substances such as histamine, bradykinin, proteolytic enzymes, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes which activates the inflammation
  2. These chemical substances increases blood flow to the inflamed tissue effect called erythema
  3. Leakage of large quantities of almost pure plasma out of the capillaries into the damaged areas because of increased capillary permeability, followed by clotting of the tissue fluid, thus causing a non-pitting type of edema
  4. Infiltration of the area by leukocytes
  5. After days or weeks, ingrowth of fibrous tissue that often helps in the healing process
48
Q

Cortisol has the following effects in preventing inflammation:

  1. Cortisol stabilizes the _________ membranes.
  2. Cortisol decreases the _________ of the capillaries
  3. Cortisol decreases both migration of ____________ into the inflamed area and phagocytosis of the damaged cells.
  4. Cortisol suppresses the immune system, causing __________ reproduction to decrease markedly.
  5. Cortisol attenuates fever mainly because it reduces the release of _________ from the white blood cells
A
  1. lysosomal
  2. permeability
  3. white blood cells
  4. lymphocyte
  5. interleukin-1
49
Q

The _______________ is secreted into the primary capillary plexus of the hypophysial portal system in the median eminence of the hypothalamus

A

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

50
Q

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it induces _________________ secretion.

A

Adrenocotroic Hormone ACTH

51
Q

The principal effect of ACTH on the adrenocortical cells is to activate _____________ in the cell membrane

A

adenylyl cyclase

52
Q

____________ induces the formation of cAMP in the cell cytoplasm on the adrenocortical cells

A

adenylyl cyclase

53
Q

The______ in turn activates the intracellular enzymes that cause formation of the adrenocortical hormones.

A

cAMP

54
Q

The most important of all the ACTH-stimulated steps for controlling adrenocortical secretion is the activation of the enzyme _________ ,

Nb : protein kinase causes the initial conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone.

A

protein kinase A

55
Q

testosterone is degraded om the that does not become fixed to the tissues is rapidly converted, mainly by the ___1_____ into _____2_________ and ______2______

There are now converted to ____3_____ or _____3___

and Excreted in to the gut by the way of the liver _4_____ or into the _____5____ through the kidneys

A
  1. liver,
  2. androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone
  3. Glucuronides or sulfates
  4. bile, urine
56
Q

Catecholamines are formed by __________ and __________ of the amino acid tyrosine

NB: Tyrosine can be formed from Phenylalanine but most is of dietary origin.

A

hydroxylation and decarboxylation

NB: Tyrosine can be formed from Phenylalanine but most is of dietary origin.

57
Q

Tyrosine is converted to ____1__ by the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Dopa is converted to _____2____ by Dopa Decarboxylase.

Dopamine is converted to _____3_____ by dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH).

norepinephrine is converted to _____4____ by the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT),

A
  1. Dopa ( by the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase)
  2. Dopamine ( by Dopa Decarboxylase.)
  3. norepinephrine ( by β-hydroxylase (DBH)
  4. epinephrine (by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT),
58
Q

In granulated vesicles, norepinephrine and epinephrine are bound to ATP and associated with a protein called _____________

A

chromogranin A.

59
Q

The catecholamines are transported into the granulated vesicles by two vesicular transporters

These transporters are inhibited by the drug __________

A

reserpine

60
Q

The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine are brought about by actions on two classes of receptors:________ and _________ receptors

A

α- and β-adrenergic receptor

61
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine exert metabolic effects that include:

  1. increased breakdown of ______ (Glycogenolysis) in liver and skeletal muscle,
  2. increase the rate at which __________ breaks down triglyceride to form Free fatty acid.
  3. increased ________ lactate,
  4. ________ Heart rate, respiration, force of contraction of the heart, constricts blood vessels leading to Higher blood pressure
  5. They Dilate the blood vessels of _________ and brain but constrict vessels leading to the ____________
  6. They increase _________
A
  1. glycogen
  2. adipose tissue
  3. plasma
  4. increases
  5. skeletal muscles , internal organs
  6. alertness
62
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine exert metabolic effects that include:

A
  1. increased breakdown of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) in liver and skeletal muscle,
  2. increase the rate at which adipose tissue breaks down triglyceride to form Free fatty acid.
  3. increased plasma lactate,
  4. increases Heart rate, respiration, force of contraction of the heart, constricts blood vessels leading to Higher blood pressure
  5. They Dilate the blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain but constrict vessels leading to the internal organs
  6. They increase alertness

ENDOCRINOLOGY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions