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endocrine S. Horvath > pancreas > Flashcards

pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

back of abdomen behind the stomach

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2
Q

what do alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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3
Q

what do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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4
Q

which cells secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

A

delta

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5
Q

Acini glands secrete digestive juices into ____

A

duodenum

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6
Q

Insulin causes carbs to be stored as ____ in ___ and ___

A

glycogen, muscle, liver

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7
Q

insulin causes ___ storage in adipose tissue

A

fat

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8
Q

excess carb that cannot be converted to glycogen are converted to ____ and stored ___

A

fats, adipose tissue

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9
Q

insulin promotes uptake of ___ and converstion to ___

A

amino acids and protein

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10
Q

amino acids lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?

A

stimulation

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11
Q

beta-keto acids lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?

A

stimulation

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12
Q

acethylcholine, intestinal hormones lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?

A

stimuation

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13
Q

sulfonlura drugs lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?

A

stimulation

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14
Q

catecholamines (alpha-agonists) lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?

A

inhibition

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15
Q

somatostain lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?

A

inhibition

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16
Q

T/F Insulin circulates bound to albumin

A

FALSE - circulates almost entirely unbound with plasma half life of 6min

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17
Q

____ degrades unused insulin in liver, some degraded by kidney, muscles

A

insulinase

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18
Q

T/F Neurons are permeable to glucose

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Anabolic effects of insulin - ______ glycogenolysis

A

inhibits

20
Q

Anabolic effects of insulin - ______ gluconeogensis

A

inhibits

21
Q

Anabolic effects of insulin - ______ glycogenesis

A

increases - glycogen is storage form of glucose

22
Q

anabolic effects of insulin - faciliatates entry of glucose into cells of all tissues except ___, ___ , ____, and ____

A

brain, kidney tubuless, intestinal mucose, and RBCs

23
Q

anabolic effects of insulin means

A

storing glucose for later use

24
Q

anabolic effects of insulin - ___ hepatic uptake, storage, and use of glucose

A

increases

25
Q

anabolic effects of insulin - ____ protein synthesis

A

increases

26
Q

anabolic effects of insulin - ___ protein catabolism and ____ gluconeogenesis

A

inhibits, depresses

27
Q

insulin ___ fat synthesis and storage and ___ lipolysis enzymes

A

increases and inhibits

28
Q

exercise and insulin ___ permeability and amino acid uptake

A

increase

29
Q

glucagon ___ blood glucose concentration and can cause ___

A

increases, hyperglycemia

30
Q

Glucagon is catabolic - generally opposes insulin but ___ insulin release

A

stimulates

31
Q

glucagon activates enzymes for ____

A

glycogenolysis

32
Q

glucagon ___ gluconeogenesis

A

increases

33
Q

glucagon ___ lipolysis and ketogenesis

A

increases (inhibits triglyceride storage in liver

34
Q

glucagon ___ proteolysis and flow of amino acids from muscle to liver for gluconeogenesis

A

increases

35
Q

T/F Glucagon enhances heart strength, increases blood flow in some tissues, enhances bile secretion, and inhibits gastrc acid secretion

A

TRUE

36
Q

amino acides (protein meal) ___ glucagon

A

stimulates

37
Q

beta-adrenergic stimulation ___ glucagon

A

stimulates

38
Q

T/F Exercise stimulates insulin

A

FALSE – glucagon. not associated with hypoglycemia, but may be a response to increased circulating amino acids

39
Q

cholecystokinin, gastrin, and cortisol ___ glucagon

A

stimulates

40
Q

high glucose levels, somatostatin, free fatty acids, ketones, and insulin ___ glucagon

A

inhibit

41
Q

Carb Metabolism - Anabolic (synthesis) Post prandial phase:

  • insulin release begins at ___mg/dl glucose
  • peaks at ___
  • after eating, plasma insulin concentration increases almost 10-fold in __min due to dumping of preformed, stored insulin
  • level decreases in ___min
  • at __min, new insulin plateau is reached d/t more release and synthesis
  • shut off is in ___ after level under ___
A 
100
4-600
10-fold in 3-5min
5-10min
15
3-5 min, under 80
42
Q

in the catabolic phase (fasting), needs are met only by ___ sources

A

endogenous

43
Q

T/F the brain can function on glucose and ketones

A

TRUE

44
Q

what happens at 12-24h of catabolic phase

A

liver glycogen is sufficient for the brain

45
Q

what happens at 24h of catabolic phase:

A

gluconeogenesis uses AA’s glycerol and lactate to make glucose

46
Q

T/F Days 2-4 of carb metabolism- fat stores broken down to free fatty acids for tissues, some glucose, but primarily ketones for brain

A

TRUE

endocrine S. Horvath (6 decks)

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